Elizabeth Visits Gpc’s French Subsidiary Discussion Questions

ELIZABETH VISITS GPC’S FRENCH SUBSIDIARYDiscussion Questions 1. What can Elizabeth Moreno do to establish a position of power in front of French managers tohelp her accomplish her assignment in five days? Explain. The French tend to regard authority as residing in the role and not the person; Elizabeth willneed to find subtle ways to accentuate her expertise, her advanced degree in Chemistry, andher role as Vice President. Further, she will need to demonstrate an intellectual flexibilitywhile allowing the French to show their ability to grasp complex issues and evaluatesolutions. . What should Elizabeth know about â€Å"high-context† vs. â€Å"low-context† cultures in Europe? Explain. Countries in Europe do not share the same cultural context; France is more high-context thanGermany. As a result, Elizabeth should pay especially close attention to the cultural contextof the communication including: the medium, the source, the setting, proxemics, paralanguageand ob ject language. 3. What should Elizabeth include in her report so that future executives and scientists avoidcommunication pitfalls?Elizabeth could help her peers by noting communications processes that worked and noting which processes failed. She should provide as much information about the communication context as possible. 4. How can technical language differ from everyday language in corporate communications? Technical language is often shared across cultures (the Arabic word for computer isâ€Å"computer†). Technical language is communicated through its own communication channels —papers, proceedings and journals. These journals are often, though not always, prepared inEnglish.While technical jargon creates a common or shared language on some levels, it doesnot eliminate the problems associated with cross-cultural communication 1. drawing from your understanding of verbal and nonverbal communication patterns from this chapter,explain what elizabeth moreno can do t o establish her position in front of french managers. how can she get them to help her accomplish her assignment in five days Since the only exposure elizabeth ever had before regarding her langauage barrier is her two weeks vacation in french. Elizabeth needs to develop her nonverbal communication instead with he fellow employees in French subsidiary by being her friendly and flexible self, showing a good manners, and having easy-to-talk-with facial expression. Because it is very important for Elizabeth to maintain having a good relationships with the employees at the office, she should at least mastered the french organizational cultures. 2. what should elizabeth know about high context versus low context cultures in europe ? how can this knowledge help her be successful there? First we need to know the definition of low context and high contex. Here are the brief explanations about itA low context culture is one in which things are fully (though concisely) spelled out. Things are made explicit, and there is considerable dependence on what is actually said or written. A high context culture is one in which the communicators assume a great deal of commonality of knowledge and views, so that less is spelled out explicitly and much more is implicit or communicated in indirect ways. In a low context culture, more responsibility is placed on the listener to keep up their knowledge base and remain plugged into informal networks.Low context cultures include Anglos, Germanics and Scandinavians. High context cultures include Japanese, Arabs and French. Implications Interactions between high and low context peoples can be problematic. Japanese can find Westerners to be offensivelyblunt. Westerners can find Japanese to be secretive, devious and bafflingly unforthcoming with information French can feel that Germans insult their intelligence by explaining the obvious, while Germans can feel that French managers provide no directionLow context cultures are vulnerable to c ommunication breakdowns when they assume more shared understanding than there really is. This is especially true in an age of diversity. Low context cultures are not known for their ability to tolerate or understand diversity, and tend to be more insular. Based on the aforementioned explaination, since Elizabeth have a job in French that has a high context cultere, she needs to mastered or at least has a decent understanding on how to communicate non-verbally with the employees. It will efectively help her to succeed there. 3. hat should elizabeth include in her report, and what should be the manner in which it is communicated so that future executives and scientists avoid communications pitfalls ? The report Elizabeth prepares for GPC must include the organizational cultures offered in the French subsidiary, She should include how the French employees socialize with each other, the way they speak, communicate and interact with each other. This will help assist future expat’s from getting culture-shock. Elizabeth could help her peers by noting communications processes that worked and noting which processes failed.She should provide as much information about the communication context as possible. Develop Cultural Sensitivity Elizabeth must inform her peers that it is very important to know the receiver and to translate the message in a form that will most likely be understood as anticipated. Employees must make sure there messages goes through to the receivers, in order to do that they should become aware of their own cultural and way of speaking and how it affects the communicating process in a different Country. . how can technical language differ from everyday language in corporate communications? Simply because when we talk about firms, corporates, etc it means we talk about organizational cultures with its formality. That automaticaly differentiate the use of language from everyday’s life language. Develop Cultural Sensitivity Elizabeth must inform her peers that it is very important to know the receiver and to translate the message in a form that will most likely be understood as anticipated.Employees must make sure there messages goes through to the receivers, in order to do that they should become aware of their own cultural and way of speaking and how it affects the communicating process in a different Country. Careful encoding In translating his or intended meaning into symbols for cross cultural communication the sender must use words, picturs or gestures that are appropriate to the recivers frame of reference. Language translation is only part of the encoding process; the message also Proemics-deals with the influence if proximity and space on communicatin with both personl space and office lay out.What should Elizabeth include in her report, and what should be the manner in which it is communicated so that future executives and scientists avoid communications pitfalls? The report Elizabeth prepares for GPC must include the organizational cultures offered in the French subsidiary and to develop cultural sensitivity, she should include how the French employees socialize with each other, the way they speak, communicate and interact with each other.This will help assist future expat’s from getting a culture-shock when in the country. Elizabeth could help her peers by explaining the communications processes that worked and failed. She should provide as much information about the communication context as possible. Elizabeth must inform her peers that it is very important to know the receiver and to translate the message in a form that will most likely be understood by both arties Employees must make sure there messages goes through to the receivers, in order to do that they should become aware of their own culture and way of speaking and how it affects the communicating process in a different Country. Elizabeth should also Present a proposal for the GPC to invest more money into Internati onal Human Resource management which will be able to provide more training for future employees and teach them how to speak the language, communicate in the host country and understand the culture, the hand gestures used in the country, what is acceptable and what is not.

A Raisin in the Sun – 5

â€Å" The whole course of human history may depend on a change of heart in one solitary and even humble individual- for it is in the solitary mind and soul of the individual that the battle between good and evil is waged and ultimately won or lost. † This quote speaks of changes in heart. I believe someone who has a change in anyway, whether it’s in heart o anything else, for good has grown and become dynamic. Dynamic is characterized as a constant change in activity or progress. Perhaps the most dynamic character in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun is Beneatha because of her change in identity, career, and love.The first reason why I believe she is the most dynamic character is because of her change in identity. During the beginning of the play Beneatha had straight hair, along with everyone else in her family that was a female. She enjoyed and did not mind her straight hair; until Asagai pointed out that she was conforming to society. He was speaking of the act of imitating the behavior of some situation or some process by means of something suitably analogous, or a simulation. He makes the argument that she should straighten her hair because she should keep her original routes.He begins to speak of being assimilated or, people of different backgrounds come to see themselves as part of a larger national family. Another thing that Beneatha to change her identity was listen to different types of music. She did this in the hopes to prove to her family she did not want to conform. She wanted to prove that she could stay true to her heritage. The next thing that led me to believe that Beneatha is the most dynamic character is her change in career. Although Beneatha has chosen a career path, she is not sure what she would like to do in her spare time.She speaks to mama about learning how to play the guitar. Mama says, â€Å"Why you got to flit so from one thing to another, baby? † (Hansberry 47) Beneatha replies, â€Å"I just want to le arn to play the guitar. Is there anything wrong with that? † (Hansberry 47) â€Å"Ain’t nobody trying to stop you. I just wonders sometimes why you has to flit so from one thing to another all the time. You ain’t never done nothing with all that camera equipment you brought home-â€Å", Mama says (Hansberry 47). She has pursued several different options, but she is like a kid in a candy store and has an extremely difficult time staying, or sticking to one thing.But the thing about her career that changes isn’t what she wants to do, but why she wants to do it. In the beginning of the play she talks about how she wanted to be a doctor because of a tragic accident she witnessed as a child. Her friends face split open before her eyes, and she thought, â€Å"Well that’s the end of him. † But, one day he returned with just a simply scar on his face, and since then she wanted to be that person to help a child live on. But, in the middle of the pla y, she loses faith and finds all dreams pointless, she loses sight of everything that she once stood for.Asagai brings her back to reality, and helps her realize that she can make a difference and change the world, one person at a time. At the end of the play it now becomes clear that she wants to help kids in Africa along side of Asigai. The structure of why is changed because love gets mixed within her dreams. My last reason why I believe that Beneatha is a dynamic character is because of her in heart. George Murchison offers the best opportunities for Beneatha and her family. However, Beneatha comes to a startling discovery after spending an evening with George.He says to her, â€Å"I don’t go out with you to discuss the nature of ‘quiet desperation’ or to hear all about your thoughts – because the world will go on thinking what it thinks regardless – â€Å"(Hansberry 97). After George’s departure, Beneatha is speaking to Mama. She says, â€Å"Mama, George is a fool – honest† (Hansberry 97). Even though George is a wealthy, good-looking man, his shallowness becomes his bitter downfall. Beneatha realizes that she can do much better than him, and that she deserves better than him. George is completely oblivious to her revelation and thinks that his opinion is neither ignorant nor cruel.The irony in George’s statement is that Beneatha can make a difference simply by voicing her opinions and letting her presence made known. Even before George made his brutal comments to Beneatha, she was rethinking her choice of companion. This is when she begins to look further into the enigma that is Asagai. Joseph Asagai, an intellectual from Nigeria. Asagai says that Beneatha seeks out those who understand her hardships, her lack of a definite identity, and her need for an intellectual relationship. As is true with almost any young woman, what she thinks she needs and what she actually needs are two strikingly different things.With two men vying for her heart, Beneatha must make a decision regarding who is best for her. She then, at the end the play, realizes this is the man the she wants and should be with. In conclusion, As Beneatha’s interests change, so does who she is. Her ever-changing identity helps to define her as a diverse individual. This is shown through her change in identity, career, and love. Maybe who we are as a person isn't so much about what we do, but rather what we're capable of when we least expect it. Never doubt oneself and don’t worry about what others think, because sometimes change can be a good thing, and sometimes change is needed.

Fifth Amendment

The Fifth Amendment dates back to the 17th century, in England. They used it to protect their citizens. It was designed to protect us just like it protected the people in England. It protects us against government authority in a legal procedure.Amendment 5 states, â€Å"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be completed in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.Question #1 What specific constituencies supported the provisions of this amendment at the time of the Constitutional Convention? Who wer e they and why did they support it? The Federalists (James Madison) introduced and supported the provisions of the 5th amendment. Madison included a constitutional provision that an individual shall not â€Å"be compelled to be a witness against himself. † Congress added the words â€Å"in any criminal case†, meaning that the provision, which will become one of the Fifth Amendment’s clauses providing safeguards against abuse of criminal laws.Because the idea that double jeopardy was wrong was so widely upheld by the colonists, James Madison also presented the Double Jeopardy Clause to Congress. Question #2 Were there any groups or persons that were against the inclusion of this amendment (or any part of it)? Who were they and why did they not support it? There were not any groups or persons that were against the inclusion of the 5th Amendment at the time of the Constitutional Convention. Question #3 Were there any changes or modifications proposed that were not included in the amendment? Who or what constituencies supported or opposed the proposed changes?Why? Many representatives rose to argue that Madison’s wording of the Double Jeopardy Clause was not strong enough. Madison had worded his Double Jeopardy Clause like this, â€Å"No subject shall be subject, except in cases of impeachment, to more than one punishment, or trial for the same offense. † Some representatives argued that the phrase â€Å"or trial† would prevent people from receiving a retrial if they had convicted improperly in their first trial. Eventually the phrase was left out, and the Congress and the States voted to make the Fifth Amendment Double Jeopardy Clause, as we know it, law.Question #4 What (if any) were the historical causes for this amendment to be important enough to be included in the original Bill of Rights? The Fifth Amendment states that â€Å"No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. † This right was created in reaction to the British courts of equity in 1487. These courts were truth-seekers. The prosecutors did not have to prove the case instead they got proof from confessions out of the accused. The accused were required to answer any questions from the prosecutors at any time.The common law courts of England adopted the principle of nemo tenetur – that no man should be bound to accuse himself. The right to be free from self-incrimination was established in common law throughout most of the colonies before it appeared in the US constitution. Question #5 Have there been any attempts to change or repeal this amendment through the years? When and by whom? Who or what constituencies supported or opposed the changes or attempts at repeal? Why? SOURCE 1 (http:/www. enotes. com/american-court-case) The 1887 Act of Congress allowed the government to compel an individual to testify against himself.Counselman vs. Hitchcock 1882. In 1891 Charles Counselman, a grain businessman was brought before the court for violation. The Chicago court requested it mandatory that Charles answer certain questions; Counselman refused on the grounds of self-incrimination. The Supreme Court, with Justice Blatchford giving the opinion, declared the 1887 law as related to the Fifth Amendment is not of the Bill of Rights. Source 2 (www. blackwellreference. com/public/tocnode The California State law granted power to prosecute any criminal defendants who exercise his or ‘her right to silence’, by interpreting the silence as an inference of guilt.In 1965 in the Griffin vs. California, Dean Griffin was accused of murder. In the court Griffin refused to speak. His silence was ruled as an acknowledgement of guilt and Griffin was sentenced on those grounds. The Supreme Court, with Justice Douglas giving the ruling, declared that inferring that a person’s right to remain silent is to be deemed guilty is changing the Fifth to suit the court. Source3 (ht tp;/ www. lectlaw. com/files) California State instituted the law of â€Å"Immunity† which compels an individual to testify against himself, with the guarantee that it will not be used to prosecute him.In 1972, Kastigar vs. United States, Charled Kastigar refused to reply even though he was given the guarantee. The California law was qualifying the Fifth Amendment’s right to be silent. The Supreme Court Judge Powell delivered the opinion, which granted â€Å"Use Immunity† which was compatible with the Fifth Amendment. Use Immunity would not allow anything that was given in testimony to be used as evidence for prosecution, nor in any other succeeding case against the defendant. Question #6 Are there currently any constituencies that want this amendment changed, abbreviated, expanded or repealed?Who would support such changes and why? Who would oppose such changes and why? In 2007 George W. Bush issued an executive order that effectively destroyed the Fifth Amendm ent. This executive order that he signed claimed that he has the power to seize the property of any person who undermines efforts to promote economic reconstruction and political reform in Iraq. Bush declared that he can take people’s property without due process if the government determines in some way that a person is undermining efforts to promote economic reconstruction and political reform in Iraq.

Moholy-Nagy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Moholy-Nagy - Essay Example Moholy Nagy suggests that the only solution to deal with the nature of the contemporary economy is to innovate and design equipment that can produce large volumes of a particular type of homogenous product that can satisfy the needs of the people. Historically, the house representing the economy was not so complicated compared to today’s economy. The current economy is comprised of rising demand which means that a particular type of product can be demanded at the same time. This means that production of the same product has to be increased. Moholy-Nagy argues that it is not enough to improve the form of product but how the product is produced as a means of contributing to the performance of the entire economy. His contributions have influenced significant changes in the world of typography and design during the contemporary period. The current economy demands that we move towards mass production of the products that are demanded by the consumers. This has compelled the people to design new â€Å"prototypes† or rather equipment that can be used to produce the demanded products in large quantities. Moholy’s contribution has influenced the design of new technology to manufacture different goods meant to sati sfy the needs of different people. This mechanization has significantly contributed towards the development of the entire economy. This means that the new improvements have also played a pivotal role in improving the welfare of the people. Today, the economy is mainly determined by mechanization and mass production. We need to experiment with things in order to design prototypes that are meant to improve our entire way of life by means of economic production. As we move towards modernism, it is a virtue to harness art and design to come up with the best type of equipment that can enhance economic development. Our current economy demands effective and efficient means of production and this can only be possible through

Composition of acid rain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Composition of acid rain - Essay Example Acid rain is the "atmospheric deposition of acidified rain, snow, sleet, hail, acidifying gases and particles, as well as acidified fog and cloud water".It also refers to precipitation that is much more acidic than natural, unpolluted rain."The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution and is determined by the hydrogen ion (H+) content" ("Measuring Acid Rain"). This scale ranges from 0 to 14, moving from strongly acid to strongly alkaline, respectively, with the point 7 representing neutral."The pH scale is logarithmic rather than linear". Hence, there is a tenfold increase in acidity with each pH point. Natural rain is mildly acidic because of the presence of carbon dioxide present in atmospheric moisture, which react together to form weak carbonic acid (H2CO3):H2CO3 is a weak acid and so it partially dissociates to release H+ (aq), resulting in the reduction of pH of the system. This partial ionization occurs in equilibrium, since carbonic acid on ly ionizes 1.7% ("Sources of Acid Rain"):The two dominant acids found in acid rain are sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3). These acids are created from the primary pollutants sulfur dioxide SO2 and nitrogen oxides such as NO2. These pollutants are usually carried over long distances from their primary source, where they finally result in acid rain. The chemistry of both these pollutants from this source to the creation of acid rain is shown below:Sulfur dioxide is mainly released into the atmosphere through combustion of fossil fuels. The world over, sulfur dioxide is also released by volcanoes and also by the oxidation of sulfur gases released by the decomposition of plants. This natural sulfur dioxide is released very high into the atmosphere, and hence the concentration of the gas is very minimal in unpolluted air. But the sulfur dioxide produced from the combustion of fossil fuels, for example in electric power plants and mined coal containing 1 to 5% sulfur, is releas ed into the ground level air. The concentration of sulfur dioxide in the ground level air is, thus, quite high in certain areas, particularly in the northern hemisphere. This contributes to acid rain over large areas. 2. Nitrogen monoxide is produced as a byproduct of the burning of gasoline in car engines using air as the source of oxygen. The nitrogen present in air, when exposed to high temperatures inside car engines, is converted into the pollutant nitrogen monoxide (NO). A series of secondary reactions in the presence of sunlight produces nitrogen dioxide oxide and ground level ozone, which further precipitate acid rain reactions. NO2 (g) + O3 (g) NO3 (g) + O2 (g) The gaseous NO3 then combines with any reactive hydrogen donor (X) in the atmosphere, producing aqueous nitric acid (HNO3):

Eastern Catholic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Eastern Catholic - Essay Example It also has jurisdiction over the churches in Greek. The Eastern Catholic Church in the Middle East uses autocephalous governing body known as the Patriarch of Antioch. This body resides in Damascus, Syria and heads Arab Christians. It also heads in Iraq, Lebanon and other churches in the Middle East. Other patriarchs include: Patriarch of Alexandria, Serbia, Georgia, Jerusalem, Bulgaria and Romania. The early church of Antioch was very diverse and developed into numerous churches. The liturgical setting of the Antioch church mainly came from the St. James Liturgy despite other liturgies developed later. Having jurisdiction in a large area, the Patriarch of Antioch also covered the modern Israel, Jordan, Palestine and certain parts in south Turkey (O’Mahony & Loosely, 2009). Moreover, the Syrian and Aramaic languages dominated before Islam came. Today, the Antioch church has spread into the Persian Empire also known as Iran. It has also spread its branches in India and China. Therefore, the Middle East Antioch church has widened into the south. The Middle East Catholic church can also be analyzed using the various the religious seven dimensions also known as the Ninian Smart. The seven religious dimensions include: rituals, experimental and emotional, narrative or mythic, ethical and legal. Moreover, doctrinal and philosophical, material, social and institutional dimensions also from the religious dimensions of the Catholic Church. These dimensions describe the various aspects in which the Eastern Catholic religion operates. To begin with, rituals refer to the ceremonies used in the Catholic Church that can either be private or public. The rituals represent traditions that should be followed and how sacraments should be celebrated in the Catholic Church. As Churches spread and grew, sacraments were celebrated in line with individual cultures and as they were received or

Osmosis And The Egg Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Osmosis And The Egg - Lab Report Example 7. The egg was placed in a clean beaker and covered with water, the amount of which was recorded. Following which the beaker was covered and it was left for a week. 8. After a week, the egg was removed from the beaker, dried, measured and weighed, and details about the appearance were noted. Finally, the amount of water that remained in the beaker was measured and recorded. Data table Measurements Baseline After vinegar After corn syrup After water Circumference (cm) 13 14.5 12.2 15.5 Mass (g) 51.5 71.89 51.6 78.5 Appearance Oval, smooth, soft Long, rubbery, more cracks Smaller, partly indented Bigger, like a rubber immersed in fluid Amount of vinegar (ml) 60.5 43 - - Amount of corn syrup (ml) 77 - 79 - Amount of water (ml) 67 - - 35 Change in liquid (ml) - -17.5 2 -32 Graph Figure 1: Starting circumference (in centimeters) of the egg and circumference following each of the experimental treatments. Figure 2: Starting mass (in grams) of the egg and the mass following each treatment. Q uestions 1. The circumference of the egg increased by 1.5cm after it was immersed in vinegar and left to stand for a week. The mass changed, increasing by around 20g. Overall, the size of the egg increased. The amount of vinegar in the jar decreased by 17.5ml. The changes were the result of osmosis. The gradient across the membrane of the egg made it such that molecules of vinegar were drawn into the egg, resulting in a lower concentration of vinegar molecules outside the egg and a higher concentration within the egg at the end of the week. The cracks in the shell of the egg were the result of an acidic reaction between the vinegar and the shell of the egg. The rubbery nature was due to the change in chemical composition of the egg, it had more liquid in it as a result of the... Water molecules will move in the direction of a high concentration of solute, and hence low water concentration until equilibrium is reached. Generally osmosis occurs across a cell membrane; however, this is not always the case. The outside solution can be grouped into one of three categories, isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. Isotonic is where the concentration of water is the same inside and exterior to the cell, and as a consequence water moves in both directions with no next change. A hypotonic solution has a higher concentration of water compared to the internal environment, and as a consequence water moves into the cell. Finally, a hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of water to the internal environment, so water moves out of the cell. The process of submerging the egg in liquid and leaving it for a week allowed the process of osmosis to take place. This is because the egg shell is semi permeable and is able to act in the same way that a cell membrane can in terms of allowing diffusion. Both water and vinegar were hypotonic compared to the interior of the egg and as a consequence immersing the egg in these liquids resulted in water being taken into the egg. This resulted in the egg appearing rubbery and gaining in size. In contrast, corn syrup was hypertonic compared to the interior of the egg so water moved out of the egg. As there was already an increased amount of water inside the egg it was this that was removed, resulting in the egg being similar in size to when the experiment began.

Role of Line Managers in Human Resource functions and Roles Essay

Role of Line Managers in Human Resource functions and Roles - Essay Example This report will focus on discussing the role of line managers in human resource functions. As part of going through the main discussion, this report will incorporate HR theories related to effective recruitment and selection process, flexible job options, effective reward systems, and strategic training programmes that could effectively increase employee satisfaction and overall business performance. Based on several real-case scenarios, this report will evaluate whether or not the HR managers in each of the case scenarios were able to meet the role of HR function. Job analysis is referring to the process of defining a particular task and responsibilities (Stone, 2005, p. 10; Bartlett, 2000). Aside from identifying the human abilities, skills and/or educational qualifications and experience needed in enabling a person to successfully perform the job, the line manager should consider job analysis as an important component of an effective recruitment As part of attracting competitive individuals to join the team, the Royal Bank of Scotland Group exerted extra effort to improve their recruitment selection process (NatWest 2009). In line with this, the line manager of NatWest had to assess the job applicant’s skills and past work experiences in performing the demands of the available job position. In line with this, Nelson (1997, p. 40) explained that one of the prerequisite in hiring a highly competitive employee is to analyze a particular job description such as the skills and personal traits that has to be fulfilled by the job applicant. According to Hacker (1997), â€Å"a poor recruitment decision can cost a company the amount equal to 30% of the company’s First-year earnings†. Since the act of recruiting a wrong person is very costly on the part of the company, the line manager should be careful when assessing the applicant’s acquired skills and part work experiences based on the job

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Criminal Law - Essay Example Your client then left the office, so he was never actually injured. Ans: Yes, the co-worker of the client was liable for attempted battery assault. An assault, in criminal and tort law, is one in which a party threatens another with a bodily harm, and in which the person threatening has an apparent capability to do bodily harm if not prevented. This threat and the party’s apparent ability to carry it causes to put fear in the party being threatened. Assault does not require intent to cause battery so long as the threat sufficiently causes fear in the other party. Neither is actual physical contact required but if present converts the offense to battery and assault. In this case, attempted battery assault, which is a kind of assault, is applicable because there was no physical contact since the co-worker missed his target when he took a swung against the client. Since the co-worker missed the client and hit the wall, the client’s story could be substantiated by taking a look at the co-workers fist which if it really hit the wall would have been swollen already. Since no one was around when the incident happened, I would recommend a civil action rather than a criminal one because the quantum of evidence necessary in criminal actions are higher requiring proof beyond reasonable doubt because of the presumption of innocence in criminal cases, something that could not be attained by the client’s case because he was alone with the co-worker when it happened. Civil actions, on the other hand, require only a lesser quantum of proof in comparison with criminal actions which is mainly to convince the trier of facts that the plaintiff deserves the relief being sought. Q2(b) A drug addicted teenager wanted money to buy crack cocaine. He found a $500.00 check on the kitchen counter that was made out to his father. When his father left for work, the teenager took the check from the counter and signed his father’s name. He planned to cash the check

Masculinity and Femininity in Human Culture Essay

Masculinity and Femininity in Human Culture - Essay Example In essence femininity pleases man because it creates a stark contrast and paints them as the ultimate power and competence. On the other hand to paint masculinity is to paint man as "success objects". He is perceived to be the 100 percent red-blooded certifiably male and a lot of expectation are being showered upon him. Unfortunately the men never realize that like women, they come in a variety of types-and that there is never an ultimate need to outdo one another for every person's ability depends on his capacity to recognized his role to himself, to the family and to the society in general. In Miller (1988)1 Willy told Linda that "In the greatest country in the world, a young man with such-personal attractiveness gets lost". His belief dwells on the idea that success means "being well-liked". He has been led to believe by the society he lives in that men are success objects. Failure is not treated as acceptable among males. Anxiety therefore created his negative behavior and responses further admitted when Willy recalls admitting to his older brother Ben that he feels "kind of temporary about"2 himself. To analyze, man can probably never vocally complain about being a "success object" and be valued for the money that he earns. Family responsibilities have depended on him to fulfill a certain role of strength that he simply forgets that his masculinity has sunk to its lowest when the realization of his dreams became mere figments of his imagination. According to Ladd in Roscoe(30)3 "Men are responsible for the universe. Women are responsible for the family and the tribe ." Such belief evolved from the sterner and conservative society who has not recognize the understanding that man has a complex nature as Ladd further added, "These roles were distinct but complementary; both were essential to the welfare of society as a whole". Structural straining is encouraged in a fast-paced society to mobilize the genders to achieve and attain certain degree of success in his social strata. Such viewpoint heavily suggests that failure have only them to blame. Recent development in the social structure of the masculinity has been greatly affected by the influence and re-emergence of the "third sex" or the gay community. Genetics appropriately claimed that association between directly inherited traits of behavioral patterns provides the analogy for the possible meaning of homosexuality whereby the association between the two ends. It may be difficult to explain how the environment and society contributes to homosexuality or androgyny in males however Chauncey added that "The determining criterion in labeling a man as "straight" (their term) or "queer" was not the extent of his homosexual activity, but rather the gender role he assumed."4 Across the developmental stage of man, we encounter the emergence of the Elektra and oedipal complex right after the child passes the toddler stage. Parental attachment and other inter-familial relationships sought to

Pancraititis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pancraititis - Essay Example Pancreatitis is the result of an inappropriate release of trypsin, which results in a wide variety of digestion enzymes activating, including autodigestion of the pancreas which causes inflammation, as well as bleeding and can damage the pancreas extensively. Anti-inflammatory agents are released by the body to try and mediate the inflammation of the pancreas. When this happens, other organs can become dysfunctional. In the worst cases, kidney (renal) failure may occur, the patient may go into shock, or acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS, can occur. The discovery of the mechanisms that cause exocrine parenchyma to lessen has not yet been discovered yet. How pancreatic acinar and ductal cells occur has not yet been discovered though a lot of effort has been put in to establish the facts. A lot of ideas have been presented by different pathologists on pancreatitis but none of them has seriously been absorbed ((Shrikhande et.al., n.d). Though there is one concept that has been adopted by these doctors. They claim that if alcohol is consumed in large quantities, it leads to a reduced production of lithostatin responsible for the stability of pancreatic juice. This then restricts the formation of protein plugs. It is this restriction of the formation of protein plugs that causes this disease. According to Cheema and Aldeen (2010), there are two levels of pancreatitis: mild, and severe. Mild pancreatitis is defined as a localized reaction. According to Cheema and Aldeen, â€Å"Mild pancreatitis occurs in about 80% of patients, is self-limited, and resolves without complication† (p 1). The remaining 20% of the patients with pancreatitis will develop severe pancreatitis. What this means is that the occurrence of the disease resolves without complication or major medical intervention. On the other hand, severe pancreatitis is diagnosed by the presence of complicating factors. In severe

Zig Ziglar’s Over The Top Essay Example for Free

Zig Ziglar’s Over The Top Essay In his book, Over the Top Zig Ziglar reminds us that we are capable of moving from the level of basic survival to exceeding our goals. Regardless of where we begin in life, and no matter how our lives are right now, we each have the power to do something to change the situation. He directs us to make the choice to take actions that will change our lives for the better. I enjoyed reading this book. It has something to offer to everyone. I believe it should be required reading for all college students. Zig Ziglar teaches people to take responsibility for their lives instead of making excuses. He does refer to God and make references to the bible, but you don’t need to be a Christian, have a religion or even believe in God to benefit from reading this book. It is filled with practical principles useful in everyday life for everyday people. In terms of education, the book provides an abundance of information that could impact the way educational administrators manage our schools, as well as shape the knowledge of educators. For example, the book discusses the premise that when we help other people get what they want this helps us to get to the top and beyond. What does this mean in terms of education? Well, if the principals and administrators in charge would help the teachers get what they want it would probably improve the overall academic environment. When administrators are effective leaders, and give guidance and supervise with more of an authoritative approach as opposed to an authoritarian approach, it would lead to more positive results. According to Ziglar, authoritarian people simply say that you must do something because they say so. An authoritative person would explain the reason why a certain decision was made and why it is best to move in that direction. Thus, an authoritative principal treats his or her faculty members with respect, and authoritative teachers, likewise, treat their students with respect. Moreover â€Å"all of us perform better and more willingly when we know why we’re doing what we have been told or asked to do,† (p. 77). This applies equally to children as it does to adults. The book also points out the importance of being dedicated and feeling positive pride. There are a lot of administrators and teachers dedicated to the field of education. However, society in general seems to lack respect for educators; teachers are often blamed for many social problems such as the deviant behavior and poor academic ability of today’s young people, while parents and society at large are assigned little responsibility for these problems. Over the Top will actually help teachers feel more pride in being teachers. They will know that they can make a positive difference in the lives of their students. The book will motivate them to set goals both inside and outside the classrooms and take the steps necessary to accomplish those goals. They will be committed to being excellent teachers regardless of the financial compensation because they will know that eventually they will be rewarded. Being rich alone does not equal success. Zig Ziglar informs readers that being successful, and over the top includes being â€Å"happy, healthy, reasonably prosperous, and secure, to have friends, peace of mind, good family relationships, and hope,† (p. ). We are reminded to keep a positive attitude, to work towards improving our weaknesses, to view personal growth as a lifetime commitment, and to be willing to change. Haven’t you heard that to be insane is to repeatedly do the same thing and respect different results? Change leads to progress. Zig Ziglar provides the perfect instructional manual for changing our lives for the better. Over the top is interesting, inspirational and will make a difference in the lives of those fortunate enough to read it.

Relationship Between Tectonic Architecture And Materials Cultural Studies Essay

Relationship Between Tectonic Architecture And Materials Cultural Studies Essay The following thesis seeks to identify and examine the relationship between tectonic architecture and materials. Although materials are all around us; we often do not take the time to examine them; to truly reflect on their inclusion, and so there very presence is often taken for granted. In order to emphasise the importance of materials in architecture; this research question focused on discussing How do materials play a key design role in tectonic architecture? The thesis used two main methodologies. The first was a literature review, which includes a comprehensive review of the literature that was instrumental in addressing the main topics, materials and tectonic architecture. The second was a model based study which focused on a particular building. It examines how a change in materials could affect the design of a building; and thus emphasises the key role materials play in tectonic architecture. The findings of the research highlighted the fact that materials do indeed play a key role in the design of tectonic buildings; and in some cases they can be the main driver for the initial design. However it was also established that there are many other contributory factors which also affect the overall design. Factors such as the structure, the crafting of construction, innovation, the use of cutting edge technology, the collaboration of the design team as they work in synergy with the architect, and finally the methodologies of learning by doing or facilitating education through the teaching of others. Definitions / Glossary Tectonic Architecture A non-monolithic structure, assembled using different materials, techniques and resources in the act of construction making and revealing  [1]  . Stereotomic Architecture A self-supporting monolithic structure composed from articulated solid elements. Atectonic A combination of tectonic and sterotomic building techniques. The crafting of construction This is not just a joint or a construction detail; it is the crafting together of materials and surface through bespoke means. Green design Philosophy that treats environmental attributes as design objectives and not as constraints. High-tech Refers to technology that is at the cutting edge or the most advanced technology currently available. Honesty The notion that a structure shall display its true purpose and not be decorative Materials The matter from which a thing is or can be made  [2]   Constructivist teaching methodologies Constructivist teaching is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge construction rather than passively receiving information  [3]  . All works of architecture involve a creative interplay between ideas and materials to which both makers and critics have repeatedly been willing to assign ethical value  [4]   Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction Materials are not trendy; they are a necessity for the realization of creativity  [5]   Looking around the built environment, one can see materials are everywhere; yet they are not often questioned; when were they invented? How are they picked? How are they used? Why were they put together in a particular way? Were the correct materials selected? In addition to these questions architects must also address issues around purpose and design; can materials be the driving force behind their designs or are they insignificant, merely an aesthetical feature of the building. Attempting to delve into and address some of these questions has led to the research of this thesis; namely How do materials play a key design role in tectonic architecture? This thesis aims to understand tectonic architecture and the role of materials in the design of a building. One has a basic understanding of what these words mean from the glossary however there is a need to explore where they have come from and how they have and will affect architecture. In exploring this idea there is a need to acknowledge, where tectonic architecture and materials began, how they have evolved over time, and going forward what direction are they headed in? The thesis shall discuss a number of these issues in order to address the research question. The paper shall examine the following main chapters; Joint / The crafting of construction, the tectonic innovation of large span, 20th century modern tectonic architects, 21st century tectonic environmental architecture and a model based study. Research methods This thesis is jointly done through two research methods. The first consists of the literature review, and was under taken to gain an in depth understanding of tectonic architecture and the complexity of materials. The second involves a model based research which was conducted through the analysis of drawings in order to understand the effect of a material change on a tectonic building. The first five chapters will analyse the key role materials play on tectonic architecture. It will look at both the theory and the practical side of this subject; with analytical drawings to further develop this principle. This study will be carried out via secondary research, comprising of books, journals, newspaper articles, electrical journals, published conferences and websites. Research will be carried out on both subjects, starting with the design and building of the mere hut to the development of the contemporary tectonic architecture. Chapters six will be an in-depth study in to a model based research, where the question will be asked if materials do play a key role in tectonic architecture and if there was variations in materials would the building design and space changed. The analysis will aim to show how important materials are to the building design with 3 dimensional drawings. 2.0 Joint / The crafting of construction Often it is the expressiveness of the jointing which humanizes structures and gives them their friendly feel.  [6]   In Greek, the term tectonic comes from the work tekton, which suggests carpenter or builder. In the fifth century, the meaning evolved into the role of the tekton. This led to the emergence of the master builder or architekton. Kenneth Frampton observed that Adolf Heinrich Borbein claimed this meaning would eventually change to an aesthetic rather than a technological category. Frampton noted in his book Studies in Tectonic Culture that Karl Otfied Muller, in his third edition of Handbuch der Archaologie der Kunst, that tektones was specialized, in reference to people in construction or cabinet makers which used a specifically functional or dry joint, though this did not include clay and metal working in the meaning. This gave the definition of tectonic as the joint or the joining through the construction process. In 1851 Gottfried Semper, published his book, The Four Elements of Architecture (Die vier Elemente der Baukunst). He based some of his elements on a Caribbean hut (see figure 1) that he saw at the great exhibition of 1851 and he divided the dwelling into four elements, 1 the earthwork, 2 the hearth, 3 the framework (including the roof) and 4 the lightweight skin or membrane  [7]  . On the base of these four elements, Semper classed the building crafts into two fundamental different procedures: the tectonics of the lightweight frame work and the stereotomic of the base. Semper illustrated the use of the stereotomic base where mud-brick and stone were placed on the ground, on to which the lightweight framed structure sat. Frampton considered the stereotomic base to be load bearing masonry, weather stone and mud brick. He noted the importance of the lightweight framed structure, where he saw the creation of the knot as a fundamental element in enabling the tying together of the lightweight components. The knot led to the securing of the frame and was perceived by Semper as a complex jointing of construction. Around the world, this technique can be visibly seen, where rope is used to knot lightweight structures together; highlighting how locally available materials were utilized to build huts. African tribal cultures used a wide range of vertical screen walls where the rope knot was the key construction element. The Gogo house in Tanzania was built from tree branches where a rope knot was employed to hold the structure together while mud was built arou nd the structure. In comparison to this, the Kuba hut found in the southeast of the Congo was erected using woven mats, again with all joints being knotted together with rope. Semper highlighted the development of knots into a weaving process, which subsequently led to the creation of buildings fabric. Buildings such as the Bedouin tribal huts were assembled using locally sourced materials in a weaving manner in order to build strong huts; as oppose to those which were built with knots. Woven walls were a form of wattle construction  [8]  , which was described by Allen Noble as vertical stakes, each fitted into a hole or slot in one horizontal and sponge into a groove or another hole in the other member of the framework. Materials such as osiers, reeds or thin strips of oak were most common  [9]  . This style of wattle construction is still in use today in the building of fences; however it did lead to the advancement in wattle and daub construction, which can be seen in many vernacular buildings around the world today. Cherie Wendelken in his article on The Tectonics of Japanese Style: Architect and Carpenter in the Late Meiji Period noted that Japanese architecture had great symbolical structures which were primarily tectonic, whereby locally sourced material such as grasses and bamboo pillars were being knotted together. The 15th century Japanese house was constructed with a woven faà §ade. These houses were built in a post and beam framed manner with woven infilling walls which allowed for flexible sliding screens. Sempers, The Four Elements of Architecture, can be seen clearly in these houses as the stereotomic base which was built of boulder footings, a lightweight timber structure sat on these foundations and finally a lightweight skin was applied. Some of these structures would be built every 20 years as there time cycle only lasted this length. The most celebrated of these structures being the monumental Naiku and Geku. Pre 1800 tectonic architecture illustrates that the joint or the crafting of construction was the most important and innovative aspect of tectonic architecture with materials playing a key role in the design of the building. This can be seen from the reed-built houses of the Marsh Arabs in Iraq (Materials, Form and Architecture for images p13). These materials were normally locally sourced and the construction methods were tried and tested over long periods of time, as was the case with most vernacular architecture of that era. 3.0 The tectonic innovation of large spans Gothic churches and cathedrals were noted by Frampton as having the idea that with the combining vaulted and trabeated structural forms in a new spatial unity; on the other, it stretched the art of reinforced masonry construction to its technological limits  [10]  . This led to the innovation of large non-load bearing faà §ades in gothic architecture. This innovation in structure went on to influence many architects of the 19th century, including Augustus, Welby, Northmore, Pugin and Viollet Le Duc. Voorthuis highlights how Pugin claimed You can decorate constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but you cannot construct decoration  [11]  and thereby hides the true construction of a building. Pugin had a great understanding of materials and craftsmanship. He himself used innovative and experimental techniques when it came to craftsmanship and designing building such as the Church of St. Augustine, Ramsgate or St. Aidans Cathedral in Enniscorthy. However Voorthuis emphasised how Pugin would insist that if mouldings were to appear on a building, they need to do so for a reason, such as to stop weathering of an area rather than for aesthetic reasons; and this was his use of tectonic architecture. Frampton pointed this out in the fabric build-up of St. Pauls in London (167-1710). Where he commented on Pugins proposed drawings of the church a section through a pointed church compared to the hidden buttresses built into the fabric  [12]  (fig ) or ornamented mediaeval truss roof compared to t hat of the concealed truss hidden by a suspended ceiling (fig ). While Pugin worked on the innovation in craft and his idea, that mouldings were to appear for reasoning, Eugene Emmanuel Viollet le Duc worked on the advancement in materials. Viollet Le Duc was a French architect and theorist famous for his interpretive restorations of medieval buildings and also for his writing advocating that materials should be used honestly. He began his career with twelve commissions for the restoration of medieval monuments. He encouraged the use of different materials with new techniques and resources, in contrast to the work of William Morris and his art and crafts movement, which promoted traditional crafts. Henry Van Brunt in his book Discourse on architecture noted that Viollet Le Duc was more concerned with the economy of structure than the theorists of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. Viollet-le-Duc pursues lightweight hollow or reticulated metal construction as an agent for transforming every conceivable tectonic element, from window shutters to metal roofs  [13]  . This interest in metal construction led to Viollet le Duc using wrought and cast iron which promoted lightweight tectonic framed structures and was a unique resourc e from which 19th century architecture would developed from. His experimentation with metal led to the development of an iron network of vaulting and can be seen in his octagonal hall design. Frampton stated that the octagonal hall is organized with its polygonal roof structure and statically determinate iron members displayed the principles of structural rationalism for the first time in construction  [14]  . The octagonal hall was to be a 3000 seat hall spanning 140 feet, illustrating iron works and innovative techniques, which tended to pushed the boundaries of architecture and materials to their limits. His idea of cast iron framed structures was to be firstly realized by the English landscape architect Joseph Paxton and Anatole de Baudot. Paxton won the design competition for the Great Exhibition of 1851 (fig ) designing a building measuring over 92,000m2 . He was assisted in his work by two engineers, Fox and Herderson, who came up with a system of structural elements. The building was completed in nine months due to its innovative modular design and construction techniques which used the largest glass panels available and the most up to date technology in order to forge and connect elements. Another major factor that contributed to the fast building time was the collaboration of each person involved, from the architect down to the craftsman. De Baudot was seen as Viollet Le Ducs predecessor. Frampton noted that he worked in a similar style to that of Viollet le Duc, using cast iron columns to equally express his tectonic architecture in the world exhibitions held in Paris in 1878 and 1889. These two significant projects, one circular, the other rectangular, were attempts to realize Viollet-le-Ducs iron network vaulting on a grand scale  [15]  . However they never lived up to the grand scale of Galerie des Machines 1889 designed by Ferdinand Dute which had a 180 foot span. The building was a controversial design for steel construction however iron was used as Robert Thorne notes that John W. Stamper emphasised The principal material of the buildings structure was to have been steel, but the decision was made at the last minute to use iron instead. Steel was abandoned on the two-fold ground of expense and the necessity of hastening the execution of work  [16]  . Georg Heuser, and Otto Wagner were both great writers in the promotion of architectural realism as a matter of principle in the late 1800s. Heuser saw the development of architecture innovation rather than decorative style. Frampton indicated that Heuser seems to have been among the first to acclaim the riveted steel frame as the new industrial vernacular of the machine age  [17]  . To the contrary Richard Weston wrights For Ruskin, industrial production was the work of the Devil, and cast or machine work that imitated craft (hand) production what he called operative deceit  [18]  . 4.0 Tectonic reinforced concrete Bring out the nature of the materials; let their nature intimately into your scheme  [19]   The latter half of the 19th century, also saw the development in structural framing concrete. In 1890, engineer Paul Cottancin came up with his reinforced masonry system known as ciment arme. This system was noted to be labour intensive and became obsolete 17 years later due to Francois Hennebiques patent and his reinforced concrete design known as beton arme. This outcome reversed tectonic principles allowing the transgression of a stereotomic material to a tectonic frame. Frampton stated that after Louis Vicats perfection of hydraulic cement around 1800, concrete began to be used in a new way  [20]  . However he mentions how Joseph Moniers began building prefabricated flower pots and sewer pipes from reinforced wire and cement. It was not until Francois Hennebique, a French engineer and self-educated builder, began using perfected reinforced concrete in his construction that it became popular. Douglas McBeth, in his book Francois Hennebique-Reinforced concrete pioneer, emphasised that Hennebiques system started out as fireproofing to protect iron beams. However he soon realised that the floor system would be more economical if the iron was used only where the slab was in tension, while it could rely on the concrete in compression. The Hennebique system was a simple erection of timber formwork around steel, after which concrete could be poured. While Hennebique was perfecting his methods, De Baudot whom was Viollet Le Ducs predecessor was working on St. Jean de Montmartre. Frampton observed that De Baudot wanted to exploit a method that could combine light construction with bonded brickwork, as he pointed out, the result was a somewhat oriental, diagonally ordered system of vaults rising from thin brick walls and piers enclosing narrow channels of interior spaces  [21]  . This would bring Viollet Le Ducs idea of cast iron vaulting to a new innovative method of brick vaulting. However Hennebique system began to be widely used and was further developed by architects such as Auguste Perret. Auguste Perrets architectural career was bound around the principle of reinforced concrete and Karla Britton, in her book Auguste Perret noted that Perret claimed reinforced concrete frame construction is the ultimate structural material  [22]  . Perrets went to the Ecole des Beaux arts school where he argued between practical and theory in architectural education. However as Frampton highlighted, he chose the practical as he left abruptly before submitting a final project. He started to design and build one of the first apartment blocks from reinforced concrete construction. Nonetheless, Perret was concerned for a building to be structurally honest and with this, used a visible framework as can be seen in his Garage Marboeuf. His work was noted for establishing concrete as an acceptable architectural material in the 20th century. It was noted by Britton that Perret and Frank Lloyd Wright attempted fair faced reinforced concrete at virtually the same time and both had similar res ults. 5.0 20th Century Modern Tectonic Architects Construction is the means; architecture is the result  [23]   Frank Lloyd Wright left school in 1887 without finishing his degree, and moved soon afterwards to Chicago where he found work with Adler and Sullivan. Wright was impressed with Sullivans ornamental design. Louis Sullivan was influenced by the idea from and function. However his statement was form ever follows function  [24]  . Sullivan took Wright under his wing and acted as a mentor to him in his early career. Frampton stated; Wrights early domestic architecture, executed in wood, is invariably conceived and machined according to a repetitive modular order and framed  [25]  . Sullivan also introduced Wright to Celtic iconography and Celtic textiles. Following on from this induction, Wright became heavily influenced by textiles. He visited the Columbian exhibition of 1893, the Ho-o-den, and began turning his attentions to Japanese architecture. He visited Japan in 1917 and worked there until 1922. While working in Japan, Frampton noted that Wright studied tea houses, religiou s Japanese architecture, and the Horyu-ji shrine. Upon his return in 1922, Wright brought back many ideas, such as heated floors and modular part construction. However it was woven faà §ade and concrete that mostly inspired him as he stated Aesthetically, concrete has neither song nor any story  [26]  . In 1921 Wright finally looked at the idea of wire-reinforced concrete blocks that were pre-cast with a pattern on the outer face. He would later call this the textile block. He first used this system in the Aliace Millard house in Passadena California. Terry Patterson in his book Frank Lloyd Wright noted that he would make a double coursed wall, one internally and one externally for the cooling and heating of the house. After the accomplishment of both system and house, Wright refers to himself as a weaver  [27]  stating his textile blocks were a woven skin/faà §ade. Wright follows this up with a statement in his book Frank Lloyd Wright Writings and Buildings I finally had found simple mechanical means to produce a complete building that looks the way the machine made it, as much at least as any fabric need lookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Standardisation as the soul of the machine, here for the first time may be seen in the hand of the architecture  [28]  . Semper, in The Four Elements of Architecture, spoke about the textile and its comparison to the art of enclosures or the woven faà §ade. This can be seen from the wattle construction, or Japanese vernacular houses, but now can also be seen in the development and the influence in Frank Lloyd Wrights architecture. There was also the development in the joint or crafting of construction. This came from the pre 1800s work and the great iron works of the 19th century which was advanced by architects such as Mies van der Rohe and Carlo Scarpa. Mies van der Rohe saw details and joints as one of the foremost important elements in his architecture, as his famously states, God is in the details. Mies started his career by using brick on such projects as his Brick Country house Project going to great lengths in this endeavor. Philip Johnson in his book Mies van der Rohe noted this as he states; he calculated all dimensions in brick lengths and occasionally went so far as to separate the under-fired long bricks from the over-fired short ones, using the long in one direction and the short in the other  [29]  . Mies gradually started to use other materials, such as steel, marble and large sheets of glass. The qualities of different materials became a leading idea in how Mies designed his buildings, from a stereotomic mass to a skeleton tectonic frame. When one looks carefully at the detail in Miess buildings, he had a great understanding and respect for the qualities of materials. As while he was looking for stone for the Barc elona Pavilion, he knew that one could not move marble from a quarry in winter because it is wet inside and freezing conditions could cause it to break. With this in mind, he had to find a dry material and eventually found onyx blocks of a certain size and proportion, and from this he designed the pavilion to be twice the height as it was originally considered and developed the plan from there. Frampton acknowledged that from 1926 to 1933, Mies had three main considerations; firstly, in the underlying aesthetic intention, secondly, in the essence of materials to hand, and thirdly, in the institutional status of the work  [30]  . A change in Mies work can be seen when he shifted the column from circular to I or H. He began to express the joint in the column and beams more often. This transformation brought him back to a shift to more traditional tectonics. This expression can be clearly seen in the Farnsworth House and the Neue Nationalgalerie Berlin. Frampton states, Within thes e parameters, the art of building for Mies meant the embodiment of the spirit in the banality of the real; the spiritualization of technique through tectonic form  [31]  . 6.0 21st century Tectonic Environmental Architecture Materials are not trendy; they are a necessity for the realization of creativity  [32]   Materials loom largely as one of the most discussed ideas of contemporary architecture. Victoria Ballard Bell, in her book Materials for Design explains that Materials should inspire designers to think of materials as a palette from which to imagine an idea or concept that can be realised with the use of materials  [33]  . This idea can be seen in such building as the Laminata Glass house in Leerdam, The Netherlands, the horse stable (Ghost 9) in Nova Scotia Canada or Frank Gehry Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. However how are these materials chosen? Bell outlines that material selection is one of the utmost important decisions an architect must undertake. She notes more often than not, materials are not addressed till the end of the design process or even during the creation of a construction document for a building design as if there are sometimes mere afterthoughts in various projects. Lisa Wastiels has the view that every material selection should aim to fulfil a simple need, to identify the best material for a particular application. However in order to identify the best materials, it is important to first understand the criteria used to select those materials in the first instance. Wastiels research broke material selection consideration into four identified categories, context, manufacturing process, material aspect and experience (see figure). However from interviews in Wastiels research, some interesting information appeared. It was highlighted that building codes, regulations and standards are major factors in the choos ing of materials today. Further to this Richard Weston in his book Materials, Form, and Architecture states, in addition to their traditional interest in the structural/constructional and aesthetic qualities of materials, designers must now also consider their embodied energy (in production, transportation, and on site), potential for recycling, and renewability as a resource  [34]  . Bell remarks that materials are now being chosen for their green credentials to be sustainable and sensitive to our environment. This idea has been used by many tectonic architects such as Glenn Murcutt and Renzo Piano. Australian architect Murcutt is world renowned for his energy efficient architecture; although he does not work outside the country, using his motto touch the earth lightly  [35]  . Murcutt is an advocate of using locally sourced manufactured materials such as glass, timber and steel where he developed an appreciation for simple vernacular architecture which pays attention to the environment. Murcutt takes into account the origins of the material, the energy consumed to process them and reusing them to avoid the loss of energy. The Marika-Alderton House in Yirrkala Community is a prime example of Murcutts energy efficient ideas where he adapts his materials to the hot tropical climate where a skeleton skin like building emphasises ventilation. Nevertheless he also uses agricultural tin sheets to cover the building in an innovative way. Murcutt uses Simpers principle id

Movie Analysis Of Monsters

Movie Analysis Of Monsters Monsters (2010) is a modern-day fictional monster film which, as with many films in the horror/monster genre, acts as a social commentary, touching upon contemporary geopolitical issues and public anxieties (Carroll, 1981). Bordwell and Thompson (2003) describes a horror film as being recognizable by its intended emotional effect on the audience, and this film successfully does this, although more subtly than other films in the genre. The diegesis of the film, based in Mexico, is a world in which the monsters of the title are huge squid-like aliens which, for the past 6 years, have inhabited a large area of Mexico which has now been quarantined as an infected zone, with a huge wall being constructed on the Mexico-USA border to keep the aliens out. The film follows a photographer (Kaulder) and his bosses daughter (Sam) as he reluctantly attempts to escort her safely back to her father in the USA after a rogue alien attack left her injured; and the romance that blossoms between the two throughout their ordeal. I will show how this film uses these aliens with dramatic, symbolic effect to also act as an allegorical narrative for current societal issues; offering a semiotic analysis of these underlying themes and signifiers within the film. The direct analysis will be of the aliens themselves, yet the interaction and reaction of humans with the aliens also carries other meanings, and will be considered. Prior to the opening credits of the film a brief textual narrative explains that alien life was introduced to earth as a result of a failed NASA mission, resulting in the area being quarantined as an infected zone, with the military still struggling to contain these creatures. The treatment of these creatures is allegorical to that of illegal immigrants and refugees which are effectively quarantined by western governments, showing how these aliens can be considered a signifying symbol of a societal concern about immigration. This bears resemblance to allegories used in the 2009 film District 9, another example of a film where aliens are quarantined, however in this instance, the representative discourse is that of apartheid in South Africa. In the opening sequence of the film (post-credits) a series of following shots introduces Kaulder, the cynical male protagonist of the film. The scene is set as he examines a collapsed building in a warzone and attempts to gather information from the rescue workers at the scene. Do you know where they take the injured? asks Kaulder, but has difficulty explaining his situation due to the language barrier. This image of the warzone is elaborated throughout the film, with the mis-en-scene including tanks, weapons and general destruction. This representation is a metonymic sign, an iconic resemblance alluding to areas of real present civilian conflict zones such as those in Afghanistan and Iraq, portraying the destruction of the lives of the people who live there and the difficulties faced by those who have loved ones entangled in conflict, either as a military or civilian presence. Although we are aware that this destruction was in fact caused by conflict between military and the aliens , the way the scene has been composed and edited shows clear visual similarities to images portrayed in the media of destruction in contemporary warzones (these can be seen in figures 1 and 2, particularly note similarities of colour and content) Fig 1: An over the shoulder shot of a rescue worker with the rubble from a destroyed building and a military tank in the background taken from the opening sequence of the film Monsters (2010) which helps build the mis-en-scene. (Monsters, 2010) Fig 2: A similar image of a destroyed building, to that in Fig 1. Photograph taken from a real life conflict zone in Helmand province, Afghanistan (2009) shows a US Marine patrolling this site of destruction. (Getty images, 2009) Later on in the film we are shown a series of close-up shots of Sam and Kaulder in the back of a taxi, juxtaposed with point of view shots showing their views of further destruction and military occupation in what seems to be a primarily civilian area. Whilst Kaulder is keen to document this by taking photos, Sam seems disturbed by what she sees, asking the taxi driver Do you feel safe living here? his response being Where would we go? My work, my family is all here. This symbolises the real life hardship that civilians in conflict zones have to face; they have no resources to migrate from the area, and even if they could, they abandon their homes, families and livelihoods. Fig 3. A cut in shot used to emphasise the graffiti in the background which, translated into English, reads STOP THE ATTACKS, a cry from the civilian population to the US dominated military that are destroying their cities and killing their children in attempts to destroy the aliens. (Monsters, 2010) In a later sequence, a series of cutaway shots depict thousands of candles lit in memorial to the numerous dead in a city near the quarantined infected zone which experiences huge losses due to the conflict. Cut in shots are then used to focus on graffiti on the walls of surrounding buildings. One of these (fig 3) reads Detener los ataques 500 dead which translates to stop the attacks; another proclaims Que son los monstruos no bombing! which asks who are the monsters? This is a key, symbolic scene in the movie as it implies that in fact the civilian population feel the root of the problem is not the aliens but the heavy handed US military opposition dropping bombs and gas in an attempt to eliminate the aliens which are not particularly aggressive until provoked. Signified meanings of the graffiti messages are referents of the way in which western militaries act when entering civilian zones, such as the recent US occupation in Afghanistan and Iraq. Here, the US military conduct routine violence in the name of the war on terror, yet they bomb and destroy the lives of innocent people in these civilian areas in the process. This idea is emphasized in the final shot of this sequence where a passing US military helicopter blows out candles at the candlelit vigil, alluding to the civilian lives blown out by the same military. Kaulder and Sam continue their journey through the infected zone towards the safety of the US eventually reaching the huge wall constructed on the border between the USA and Mexico to keep the aliens out (Fig 4). Fig 5: A photo of a section of the existing USA-Mexico border barrier which is under construction by the US government in response to illegal immigration from the south. It construction has been met with much criticism from both sides of the border (Ignelzi, 2007) Fig 4: A shot from the film Monsters (2010) of the huge wall which has been constructed by the US government on the border between the USA and Mexico to prevent alien invasion from the south. Although on a far larger scale, this bears some resemblance to the barrier which currently exists, constructed to combat illegal immigration (Fig 5). Its different looking at America from the outside Kaulder. (Monsters, 2010) Although the wall bears resemblance to the existing barrier constructed on the USA-Mexico border, a deeper interpretation is that the wall is a more abstract metaphor for the barrier that governments construct via the media to hide the truths about their militaries involvement in armed conflicts. The public are constantly shown images of heroism by US troops, and death and destruction caused by the opposition, yet images depicting the death and destruction inflicted on the civilian populations by US military action are rarely publicised. In the film, American citizens are physically divided from the carnage occurring on the other side of the wall, unaware of the destruction being caused by their own military presence and the opposition those who live in the conflict zone have to the US military presence. Kaulder supports this idea when he says, whilst looking at the wall when you get home its so easy to forget all this, I mean tomorrow well be back to our separate lives, in our, like , perfect suburban homes, describing how protected and separated those in the USA are to what is happening in the conflict zone. This narrative symbolises the current ignorance of unnecessary civilian deaths in Afghanistan caused by US military actions. This discourse contradicts the view presented by conventional war films which will typically glorify US interventions and present the production and reproduction of discourses of American national identity (Carter, McCormack. 2006) as it is a monster film so has a totally different agenda. Eventually, Sam and Kaulder make it through the border back to the USA in a town which has now been unexplainably evacuated, but are picked up by a US military convoy. Here I have examined geopolitical issues, using semiotic analysis, expressed as symbols and features in the film Monsters, and how these have been visually constructed and represented. In this film, the monsters could be metaphors for the fear of immigration, and the way these people are treated by those in the developed world and terrorism, looking at the lives of civilians living in conflict zones whose day to life is disrupted by warfare and military occupation caused by terrorism. It also questions, who are the terrorists? These anxieties are two key referents, visualised by the aliens. Throughout I have considered the conventional use of the aliens as symbols of these fears, a typical discourse used in films of the monster genre. I have looked at visual similarities between examples used in the film and reality, presenting images from the film and secondary sources where useful, particularly looking at how those people living in and around the infected area resemble those livin g in areas currently occupied by a military presence. Word count: 1641

Factors that Influece a Healthy Heart Essay -- Exercise, Health, Lifest

Healthy Hearts 1. Different ways in which exercise keeps your Heart Healthy. Cardiovascular System (preventing Angina and Cardiovascular diseases) Citizens who regularly exercise, significantly have less cardiovascular diseases such as Angina (which described in in image 1a is caused due poor blood flow through the blood vessels in the heart.) lowering their risk of heart attacks, strokes, and impotence. Regular exercise lowers blood pressure, raises the level of protective high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, stimulates weight loss, decreases inflammation and helps prevent blood clots. The Harvard Alumni Study found that the incidence of heart attack was proportionate to the amount of exercise performed. Men exercising less than 2,000 kcal a week had 64% higher risk of heart attack than those who exercised at higher rates. Another study showed that a three-month period of intense physical activity, can alternatively increase HDL cholesterol as much as 33% and decrease in LDL cholesterol as much as 9% reducing chances of Cardiovascular diseases. Even Non-intense exercises as much as 20 minutes of walking reduces 19% of such chances. b. Deduction in the Heart Rate (increase in lifespan) The average resting heart rate for an normal adult ranges between 60 to 100 beats per minute (The table below describes the pulse rates for different age groups). Generally, a lower heart rate implies a more efficient heart function and a better cardiovascular system. For example, a well-trained athlete might have a normal resting heart rate as low as 40 beats per minute. Researchers have also found that men with fast resting heart rates are more likely to develop high blood pressure symptoms than those with slower rates. Some sympto... ... - Heart & Circulatory System. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. . 3. http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/long-work-hours-extra-weight-women-article-1.1112902 Images- "How Angina Pectoris Occurs?" Health Giants RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. . 2. Vasagar, Jeevan, and Martin Williams. "Teachers Warned over Befriending Pupils on Facebook." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 24 Jan. 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. . 3. "Running in Cork, Ireland." : Running Marathons May Cause Damage to Your Heart. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. .

Physician Assisted Suicide Essays -- Physician Assisted Death

"With the stroke of a pen, California Gov. Jerry Brown made it legal for physicians in the state to prescribe lethal doses of medications if their terminally ill patients wish to end their lives. Brown signed the "End of Life Act" into law on Monday, and in doing so California joins four other states — Oregon, Washington, Vermont and Montana — where patients' right to choose doctor-assisted death is protected either by law or court order." http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/10/05/446115171/california-governor-signs-physician-assisted-suicide-bill-into-law Death, despite various definitions of the concept, is an unavoidable part of life in which all persons will one day become acquainted. However one prefers to essentially exist and prolong this event is completely his or her choice. Or is it? What, then, if an individual should choose death itself? Should that person, regardless of the reason for hastening death, be denied assistance if sought after? The concept of physician-assisted suicide has been a topic of debate since the birth of medicine. Controversy even surrounds its name as the term â€Å"suicide† is associated with a form of mental illness and irrational behavior, both of which are to be prevented it if at all possible according to medical obligation (Quill and Greenlaw). Physician assisted death/suicide occurs when a physician provides a medical means of death and instruction to a patient but does not administer the actual cause of death (Lonnquist and Weiss 389-91). This is quite different than the concept of active euthanasia in which a physician directly administers the cause of death. Recognized as far back as the 5th century BCE in the ancient Hippocratic Oath, the origin of this practice cou... ...hy E., and Greenlaw, Jane. "Physician Assisted Death." From Birth to Death and Bench to Clinic: The Hastings Center Bioethics Briefing Book for Journalists, Policymakers, and Campaigns. Garrison: Hastings Center, 2008. 137- 42. Physician Assisted Death. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. http://www.thehastingscenter.org/Publications/BriefingBook/Detail.aspx?id=220 2. 5. Reich, Warren T. "The Hippocratic Oath." Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Revised ed. N.p.: n.p., 1995. University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/hippocratic.html 6. Roberts, John, and Kjellstra, D. Carl. "Jack Kevorkian: A Medical Hero." BMJ. JSTOR, 8 June 1996. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. 7. "Frontline: The Kevorkian Verdict: The Thanatron." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/kevorkian/aboutk/thanatronblurb.html Physician Assisted Suicide Essays -- Physician Assisted Death "With the stroke of a pen, California Gov. Jerry Brown made it legal for physicians in the state to prescribe lethal doses of medications if their terminally ill patients wish to end their lives. Brown signed the "End of Life Act" into law on Monday, and in doing so California joins four other states — Oregon, Washington, Vermont and Montana — where patients' right to choose doctor-assisted death is protected either by law or court order." http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/10/05/446115171/california-governor-signs-physician-assisted-suicide-bill-into-law Death, despite various definitions of the concept, is an unavoidable part of life in which all persons will one day become acquainted. However one prefers to essentially exist and prolong this event is completely his or her choice. Or is it? What, then, if an individual should choose death itself? Should that person, regardless of the reason for hastening death, be denied assistance if sought after? The concept of physician-assisted suicide has been a topic of debate since the birth of medicine. Controversy even surrounds its name as the term â€Å"suicide† is associated with a form of mental illness and irrational behavior, both of which are to be prevented it if at all possible according to medical obligation (Quill and Greenlaw). Physician assisted death/suicide occurs when a physician provides a medical means of death and instruction to a patient but does not administer the actual cause of death (Lonnquist and Weiss 389-91). This is quite different than the concept of active euthanasia in which a physician directly administers the cause of death. Recognized as far back as the 5th century BCE in the ancient Hippocratic Oath, the origin of this practice cou... ...hy E., and Greenlaw, Jane. "Physician Assisted Death." From Birth to Death and Bench to Clinic: The Hastings Center Bioethics Briefing Book for Journalists, Policymakers, and Campaigns. Garrison: Hastings Center, 2008. 137- 42. Physician Assisted Death. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. http://www.thehastingscenter.org/Publications/BriefingBook/Detail.aspx?id=220 2. 5. Reich, Warren T. "The Hippocratic Oath." Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Revised ed. N.p.: n.p., 1995. University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/hippocratic.html 6. Roberts, John, and Kjellstra, D. Carl. "Jack Kevorkian: A Medical Hero." BMJ. JSTOR, 8 June 1996. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. 7. "Frontline: The Kevorkian Verdict: The Thanatron." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/kevorkian/aboutk/thanatronblurb.html

Ifugao

Ifugao Ifugao is a province of the Philippines in the Region of Luzon. It is located in a mountainous region characterized by rough landscape, river valleys and massive forests. Banaue Rice Terraces  are the main tourist attractions in the province. These terraces were artificially made by man and without the use of machinery. Level steps were provided so the natives can plant rice. During harvest time, the women are the ones incharge, while the men are incharge of cooking the food for the women after planting.The Ifugao’s are known for their weaving crafts and basketry. These are tasks done only by the women. Traditionally, weaving is done for family needs, but it is also done for commercial purposes. The men are skilled wood carvers and metal workers. Wedding ceremonies are performed traditionally in which selected elders will carry out the ceremony to wed the new couple. This traditional wedding ceremony has also a lot of practices.But generally, the ceremony is being don e in the house of the bride in which the selected old people guided by an anointed elder priest, known as the Mumbaki, will butcher animals then sing the traditional wedding verses. After that, the old people will perform traditional dances in front of the newly-wed couple. Throughout the wedding, family members and relatives will join and perform native dances. The Ifugao’s practice a number of rituals.Some of these rituals are Hingot, the ritual which announces the coming together of two families;  Amung, a sacrificial ritual wherein the gods and the family's ancestors are asked to make the body healthy, the mother well and strong, and the family wealthy;  Uya-uy, a ritual of feasting;  Ketema, a ritual that’s supposed to identify the spirit who caused a certain sickness. Ayag; and  Kolot, a ritual for the first cutting of child's hair. They also practice rituals during planting and harvestation. In general, these rituals were prayers and requests to the gods .

Genres Of Literature

Genres of literature are grievous to learn about. The two main categories separating the various musical genres of literature are illustration and non fictionalisation. in that respect are several genres of literature that render under the nonfiction category. nonfiction sits in direct opposition to fiction. Examples from both the fiction and nonfiction genres of literature are explained in detail below. This detailed genres of literature leaning is a great resource to forebode with any scholars. Types of Nonfiction Narrative Nonfiction is information based on item that is presented in a format whichtells a story. Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the authors watch or point. A short literary composition on a situation theme or subject, usually in prose and customaryly analytic, speculative, or interpretative. A muniment is a write account of other somebodys life. An Autobiography gives the archives of a persons life, scripted or told by that pers on. Often written in Narrative form of their persons life. Speech is the faculty or power of speaking oral colloquy ability to express ones thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture.Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse. Finally there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality. This includes biographies, history, essays, speech, and taradiddle nonfiction. Nonfiction opposes fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like poetry and play which is the next section we will discuss.

History of African American Music Essay

The autobiography of African American music has been characterized by a mixture among various forms of music. region blues, urban blues, youthful Orleans Jazz, Bebop, big-band jazz, and rhythm and blues, lease in all influenced each different profoundly. These influences flowed back and forth among the various forms. But, be darked gospel music had only a very limited effect on popular styles, until a few church-trained artificers, such(prenominal) as Sam Cooke and cock Charles, began to bear gospel styling into their popular work.The result is usually draw as soul music, a mix of blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel voices. But, if Ray Charles was one of the originators of soul music, Aretha Franklin reshaped it, by speech even more of her gospel undercoat to bear on secular rage nisuss (Wade and Picardie 27). By combining popular elements with her sensational voice, her great musicianship, and the feeling for a song that she learned in church, Aretha became one of the superior soul singers to ever live. Aretha Franklin is a long-familiar pop, R&B, and gospel singer.She has been nicknamed The Queen of mind and is an internationally cognize artist and a symbol of pride in the African American community. Her popularity soared in 1967 when she released an album containing songs I Never screwd a piece of music, Respect, and Baby I Love You. Throughout her career she has achieved fifteen Grammy Awards, aliveness Achievement Award, National Academy of record Arts and Sciences Legend Awards, and legion(predicate) Grammy dormitory room of Fame Awards. In 1987 she became the conveytime woman inducted into the rocknroll & Roll Hall of Fame.Time mag chose her as one of the or so authoritative artists and entertainers of the 20th century. She sang at Dr. Martin Luther major powers funeral and at former president Bill Clintons inaugural party. Although she has all these accomplishments and awards there are other flat coats that have dri ven Franklin to fame and landed her on the present cover of Time magazine on June 28, 1968. The reasons I believe allowed Aretha Franklin to sound so successful are the following Her familys date with religion, the invigorate volume that ring her, and the pain she suffered.It is do that because her familys involvement with religion would be one reason why Aretha Franklin became as far-famed as a Gospel singer. Some people would say that her love for religion is unbelievable, alone after reoceanrching her childhood it is very believable. Her father, empyrean Clarence LaVaugh Franklin lived in Shelby Mississippi and preached while active the life of a sharecropper. As curtly as he had enough money, he would move to Memphis, Tennessee to become a pastor of two churches. After a bracing of years he attended LeMoyne College, and he studied Education and English Literature.With his statement he was able to bring a more liberal view to his preachs. Then he moved the family to Buffalo, refreshful York. When he had the resources, he moved the family again to Detroit, Michigan were he settled and became a pastor of a churched called New Bethel Baptist Church. He quickly became one of the most famous pastors in the city of Detroit. Aretha was two years ancient when they assimilate their final move, she would get up up here and grab the perception of Church and incorporate it into her music. Aretha Franklins momma, Barbara V. Skaggers, served as choir director and pianist.Aretha describes her mom as a Superb singer, her voice was clear and distinctive. (Franklin and Ritz, 6) Her parents taught her how to sing with great pride. This was a big issue because the late 50s, advance(prenominal) 60s was a time of turmoil for African Americans. Her father especially tried to add pride into her. He was a civilian Rights activist and he was a obstruct colleague with Dr. Martin Luther King. With her parents keeping her involved in Church she was bound to become one of the worlds greatest singers. At around age 12, the father recognize Arethas talent as a singer.So he took her on the high authority with his traveling gospel show. This was important because it shows the soma of support Aretha received from her family. It was said, She was a spellbind performer at the age of fourteen. (Franklin, 3) So her family really supported and inspired her to become a gospel singer. What also made her a great artist was that she had inspiring people all around her. Aretha grew up in Detroit which at the time was a rousing city or a city of hope for the African Americans outpouring away from the brutality of the South.Though Detroit even so had its problems such as race riots, many famous musicians grew up there. Also since New Bethel Baptist Church was so prominent, many musicians and governmental leaders used empyreal Franklins pulpit as a weapons platform to sing or speak to the inexorables of Detroit. Aretha was introduced to classi cal music by Smokey Robinsons sister Sylvia Burston. She listened to well known local DJs kindred Ruth Brown and Senator Brystal Brown. When Aretha was younger, she would ride her bike to the local park, and on her way situation she would stop by a night club where you could here B.B. King perform. She says, You could try the soft sound of his guitar all the way to the sidewalk (Franklin and Ritz, 22). National and local governmental leaders would give there speeches. Speakers such as Dr. Adam Clayton Powell, Sr. , Dr. Martin Luther King, and Reverend Jesse Jackson would speak powerfully to the church. Aretha was straightaway influenced by Miriam Anderson, Sammy Davis, and Roy Wilkins. Detroit was overflowing with talent and speakers which I believe also contributed to Arethas success. imposition was probably what really drove Aretha Franklins success. As stated before, Franklins family was super religious and was continually involved in the Church. But that doesnt mean that she hadnt been through a tremendous measure of pain. Early in life her produce and father got a divorce. The father was divulge suitable to raise Aretha and her four Siblings. The make moved to Buffalo, New York and tried to make regular visits to see her children. She was supported her children in the best way she could, but when Aretha infallible her, she still was not reachable.Matters became worst a few years later on when Arethas mom dies of a stroke. Aretha described her mom by saying she was the absolute bird (Smith, 3). At age 15 she had her first child and two years later another would come. But Aretha still cherished to go out and be with friends, so her grandmother usually babysat for her periodically. In a time when Black Activism, Feminism, and Sexual judgment of dismissal were high, she needed to provide for herself. So when Aretha was old enough and was ready to start performing, she hire a man named Ted White to be her manager.He later became her husband. I n the future(a) she would divorce him for a famous operator which would end in divorce, too. Even though in 1968 to 1969, Franklins career was uprise rapidly. She was still described by her maker Jerry Wexler as a person whose depressions runs deeper than the sea (Ritchie Unterberger, 3). Then one of Franklins highest admirers, gospel giant Mahalia Jackson died. Right after her death a extremely unrestrained gospel album was released my Aretha Amazing lard This record was considered to be one of the most emotional records of its time.Much of the pain that Aretha suffered was not really publicized, but still it had to be one of the reasons for her to have such a powerful voice. Aretha Franklin was a successful artist and still inspires musicians today. Her voice is still described as incredible. She has all the awards that she needs to show her talent. Works cited Franklin, Aretha, and David Ritz. Aretha From These Roots. New York Villard, 1999. Print. Carroll, Jillian. Aretha Franklin. Chicago Raintree, 2004. Print.