Arpanet :: essays research papers

The USSR launches Sputnik, the eldest artificial earth satellite. In the late 1960s theU.S. military was desperately afraid of a nuclear attack from the Soviet Union. TheUnited States organize the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Departmentof Defense to build up a bombproof profit to connect military bases. ARPANETs physicalnetwork was established in 1969 to enable universities and research organizations toexchange information freely. The first two nodes that formed the ARPANET were UCLA andthe Stanford Research Institute, shortly after the University of Utah was added toARPANET. The engagement Control Protocol (NCP) was initi tout ensembley used as the ARPANET protocol, beginningin 1970. By 1971, a total of 23 hosts at 15 locations were committed to the ARPANET. Thefollowing year, the first international connections occurred, linking the UniversityCollege of London (UK) and the Royal Radar arrangement (Norway) to the ARPANET. The way ARPANET was set up i s so that if one of the network colligate became disrupted byenemy attack, the traffic on it could automatically be rerouted to other links.Fortunately, the Net rarely has come under enemy attack. In the 1970s, ARPA alsosponsored further research into the applications of package switching technologies. Thisincluded extending packet switching to ships at sea and ground mobile units and the useof piano tuner for packet switching. Ethernet was created during the course of research intothe use of radio for packet switching, and it was raise that coaxial cable could supportthe movement of data at extremely fast rates of speed. The development of Ethernet wascrucial to the growth of local body politic computer networks. The success of ARPANET made it difficult to manage, particularly with the large and festering number of university sites on it. So it was broken into two split. The two partsconsisted of MILNET, which had the military sites, and the new, smaller ARPANET, whichhad th e nonmilitary sites. On January 1,1983, every machine connected to ARPANET had touse TCP/IP. TCP/IP became the core Internet protocol and replaced NCP (old ARPANETlanguage) completely. Thanks to TCP/IP MILNET and ARPANET remained connected through a skilful scheme called IP (Internet Protocol) which enables traffic to be routed fromone network to some other as necessary. All the networks connected to the Internet speak IP,so they all can exchange messages. Although there were only two networks at that time, IPwas functioned to allow for tens of thousands of networks. An unusual fact about the IPdesign is that every computer on an IP network is just as capable as any other, so any