Language as the Key to Identity and Social Acceptance in Richard Wright’s Book, Black Boy :: Wright Black Boy Essays

Language as the Key to Identity and Social betrothal in Richard Wrights Book, Black Boy According to African American writer, James Baldwin, language is a vivid and crucial key to identity and companionable acceptance. Black Boy, by Richard Wright, defends Baldwins belief. In a selected Black Boy passage, where Richard and his friends converse, the rhetorical techniques, pathos and warrants assist to convey Wrights own attitude toward the grandeur of language as a key to identity and social acceptance.The idea that language is important to identity and social acceptance is defended in the passage by the utilization of pathos. Diction largely relays the comfortability of Richard and his friends with each other by not speaking in proper English, with phrases the like, that aint gonna do you no good, and quarrel like miz for miss and scareda as scared of. Also, syntax is used to contribute short explanatory sentences after each blurb of dialog An angry repine of supreme racial assertion. Language as an indicator of social acceptance is also seen in the word choice, with a wide array of cuss words, like sonofabitch, hell, and jigaboo. Repetition is developed through out the passage with the word silence, to indicate the identity of the boys with language. Wright also incorporates personification, personifying the boys talk being able to weave, roll, surge, spurt, veer, gallant showing the comfortability and social acceptance of each other because of language. Richard Wrights use of pathos helps to defend Baldwins beliefs on language.Another rhetorical technique that support as a defense for Baldwins views is Wrights use of value-based assumptions, or warrants. The boys establish their black identity through diction, referring to on another as nigger and we, nave and race. Many assumptions are made about whites with rhetorical questions like, Man, aint they ugly? and other race related questions. The conversation of Wright and his friends make the assump tion that whites treat blacks poorly, which establishes identity through language. Agreeing of the other boys with the racial assertion further leads to social acceptance. Repetition of negative statements about whites also further strengthens the warrants. The competitor is an animal to be killed on sight is a metaphor, which illustrates the black assumptions of whites through language.

Kiel :: essays research papers

KielKiel is the capital of Schleswig-Holstein. Schleswig-Holstein is located in West Germany. Kiel is located at the head of Kieler Frde which is an inlet of the Baltic Sea. During World War II three-fourths of the city was destroyed by bombs. Kiel was a major naval can during the war. Kiels major industries now are shipbuilding and also building machines such as the diesel engine. They also manufacture electric and electronic products. Kiel also is cognize for brewing and the proccessing of food, such as fish. The medievel Church of St. Nicholas overlooks the Old Market which still survives from Old Town. It was built between1233-1244. The Old Market has been rebuilt in modern style and is utilize as a center for a network of shopping streets. There are no cars completelyowed in this area. A modern Cultural Center has replaced the citadel that used to guard Old Town. The western shore of the Frde is where the Kiels famous Oceanographic Institute and the State Parliament are lo cacted. The Kieler Frde is the best natural support on the Baltic. That is why it has been the principal base for the German Navy. In 1866 Kiel became part of Prussia. Kiel saw a rapid growth in community between 1866 and 1914. term the Nazis were in control Hitler built up the Navy in Kiel. Kiels economy got away from its large concern with the Navy and shipbuilding after the war. Kiel is the place that all German yachtsmen dream of. Kiel also has a nice sized university. The school offers a large array of subjects and was founded in 1665. Many of the students like to sail in there spare time. Kiel is also the home to one of Germanys largest indoor shopping centers. Kiel is also a popular place for Olympic sailing competitions. In 1994 the population of Kiel was 248,930. Kiel is the most economically important city in Schleswig-Holtstein, as well as the largest. Kiel was founded in 1242 and then in 1284 joined the Hanseatic League. Kiel aslo became the home of the dukes of Holst ein. Kiel was passed to Denmark in 1866. The sailors insubordination that started at the end of World War I started the socialist revolution in Germany. Kiel is the home of many museums, such as the oldest art gallery and botanical Gardens in Germany. The sailing and yachting events of the 1972 summer Olympics were held in Kiel.

A New View on Writing :: Essays Papers

A New View on Writing As long as I can remember, I have ceaselessly been opposed to writing. All through my school career, I have written mediocre papers just to get by. Every time I would test a teacher say that we had a writing assignment in the near future, I would immediately plan the short cut, the easy way out. My fourth-year year began as no exception. During my senior year at Schuylkill Haven High School my English teacher was a colorful, middle-aged woman named Ann Barton. She was without vie the most personable teacher I have ever had the pleasure of learning under. She actually cared how her students lives were going and would give sound experient advice. She loved to teach and that passion was obvious to every sensation who knew her. As my senior year progressed, Mrs. Barton and I became very close. She had noticed that as the year waned, I seemed to be more(prenominal) and more wary of graduation. Always able to sniff out the truth, of course she was right on. Everyday that passed I lamented every aspect of my life to come college, family, careers, everything. thence the final week of school arrived, and even for Mrs. Barton an unexpected thing happened. My fellow seniors and I were sitting in her room before class discussing how we were going to wipe out yet another English class when Mrs. Barton walked in with her usual intense and disturbed look. She said in her heavy Scottish accent, Im make with class. Im tired of this bloody school. Its your decision. What do you want to do? We looked one to the other for a moment, but no one had any idea what we should do. Then finally she said, If no one decides than I will. Immediately the plan became the appreciation of the beautiful day. We were all going out to quiet an outdoor journal. Everyone sighed and slowly trudged toward the door. As I headed in the same direction Mrs. Barton stopped me and explained how she would love to read my views on graduation and my future, and that this would be a complete opportunity to release my burdens by writing of the tensions I had been facing.

Hamilton and Limited Government :: Federalists American History

Hamilton and moderate G e reallywherenment The proposed band would raise $10 million through a universe stock offering. The Treasury would hold one fifth of the stock and name one fifth of the directors, but four fifths of the control would crepuscle to private hands. hole-and-corner(a) investors could purchase shares by paying for three quarters of their value in government bonds. In this way, the bank would capture a meaning(a) portion of the belatedly funded debt and make it available for loans it would also receive a substantial and steady flow of interest payments for the Treasury. Anyone buying shares under these circumstances had diminished chance of loosing money.Hamilton and Limited Government Hamiltons plan to establish a permanent national debt violated the principle of equality among citizens it seemed to favor the interests of public creditors over those of other Americans. Hamiltons critics also denounced his proposal for a national band, interpreting it as a da ngerous scheme that would give a small, elite separate special part to influence the government.Opponents strongest public debate against the band was their claim of its unconstitutionality. The Constitution gave sexual congress no specific authorization to issue charters of incorporationUnless Congress adhered to a strict indication of the Constitution, critics argue, the central government might oppress the states and trample individual liberties, just as Parliament had done to the coloniesThe president accepted Hamiltons cogent argument for a loose interpretation of the ConstitutionTariffs doubly injured the majority of citizens, first by imposing heavy import taxes that were passed on to consumers and then by reducing the incentive for American manufacturers to produce goods at a lower cost than importsHAMILTONS LEGACYDespite the Federalists effort to coadjutor themselves with the Constitution they real favored a consolidated (Centralized) national government instead of a truly federal official system with substantial powers left to the states passion ran high among those who mat up that the government appeared to be rewarding special interestsSouthern reaction to Hamiltons program was overwhelmingly negativeThe Band of the United States had a few(prenominal) southern stockholders and it allocated very little capital for loans thereTHE WHISKY REBELLIONHamiltons financial program not only sparked an angry political get by in Congress but also helped ignite a civil insurrection called the Whiskey RebellionHamilton had recommended an excise tax on domestically produced whiskey. He insisted that his proposal would trade the expense of financing the national debt evenly across the United StatesThe law furthermore specified that all trials concerning tax evasion be conducted in federal courtsHamilton and Limited Government Federalists American HistoryHamilton and Limited Government The proposed band would raise $10 million through a public stock o ffering. The Treasury would hold one fifth of the stock and name one fifth of the directors, but four fifths of the control would fall to private hands. Private investors could purchase shares by paying for three quarters of their value in government bonds. In this way, the bank would capture a significant portion of the recently funded debt and make it available for loans it would also receive a substantial and steady flow of interest payments for the Treasury. Anyone buying shares under these circumstances had little chance of loosing money.Hamilton and Limited Government Hamiltons plan to establish a permanent national debt violated the principle of equality among citizens it seemed to favor the interests of public creditors over those of other Americans. Hamiltons critics also denounced his proposal for a national band, interpreting it as a dangerous scheme that would give a small, elite group special power to influence the government.Opponents strongest argument against the ban d was their claim of its unconstitutionality. The Constitution gave Congress no specific authorization to issue charters of incorporationUnless Congress adhered to a strict interpretation of the Constitution, critics argue, the central government might oppress the states and trample individual liberties, just as Parliament had done to the coloniesThe president accepted Hamiltons cogent argument for a loose interpretation of the ConstitutionTariffs doubly injured the majority of citizens, first by imposing heavy import taxes that were passed on to consumers and then by reducing the incentive for American manufacturers to produce goods at a lower cost than importsHAMILTONS LEGACYDespite the Federalists effort to associate themselves with the Constitution they actually favored a consolidated (Centralized) national government instead of a truly federal system with substantial powers left to the statesResentment ran high among those who felt that the government appeared to be rewarding s pecial interestsSouthern reaction to Hamiltons program was overwhelmingly negativeThe Band of the United States had few southern stockholders and it allocated very little capital for loans thereTHE WHISKY REBELLIONHamiltons financial program not only sparked an angry political debate in Congress but also helped ignite a civil insurrection called the Whiskey RebellionHamilton had recommended an excise tax on domestically produced whiskey. He insisted that his proposal would distribute the expense of financing the national debt evenly across the United StatesThe law furthermore specified that all trials concerning tax evasion be conducted in federal courts

The Competing Explanations of Deviance Essay -- Legal Issues, Life Sen

How argon the Competing Explanations of Deviance Relative to Juveniles who are Serving Life Sentences in Prison?the States is the only country that incarcerates persons to a lower place the age of 18 to a life sentence in prison (Knafo 2013). Scientist says that the full level of maturity is not reached until a person is in their mid-20. Immature children without an adult brain are committing adult crimes and are serving adult time. Why? The answer unfolds in the explanations of deviance.Statistics states that nearly 3000 juveniles who are put in American prisons are given a life sentence without the option of parole (EJI). Each case has extensive evidence that unnatural behaviors led to bad actions and eventually a life sentence in prison. For example, Sara Kruzan was introducing to a life of socially deviant behavior. She was forced to prostitute and be under the dominating controls of a pimp. Eventually, the amount of deviant behavior she was exposed caused her to reach her boil ing point and to kill her pimp. So, the result was deviant behavior caused another manikin of deviant behavior which lead to Sara Kruzan serving a life sentence in prison at the tender age of 13. Thankfully, the state the crime was connected in set new laws and Sara was later released from prison (Knafo 2013). Unlike Sara, many other juvenile serving life sentences are still waiting to be released. In this paper I would like to discuss three of those juveniles and the congruent explanation of deviance. The layout will be as follows1.Cyntoia Brown (Biosocial Explanation)2.Jacob Ind (Psychological)3.Erik Jensen (Sociological)Three Explanations of Deviance misgiving the three explanations of deviance reveals the complexity or deviant behavior each j... ...are relevant to those juveniles serving life in prison. Works CitedBikel, O. (Director). (2007). When kids get life Documentary. regular army WGBH Educational Foundation.Birman, D. H. (Director). (2011). Me facing life Documentary . USA Cinema Guild.Deviance. (2001). In World of Sociology, Gale. Retrieved from http//www.credoreference.com/entry/worldsocs/devianceEqual Justice Initiative. (n.d.). Children in Adult Prison. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from http//www.eji.org/childrenprison Knafo, S. (2013, September 20). present Are All The Countries Where Children Are Sentenced To Die In Prison. The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from http//www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/20/juvenile-life-without-parole_n_3962983.htmlThio, A., Calhoun, T. C., & Conyers, A. (2010). Readings in deviant behavior (6th ed.). Boston Allyn & Bacon.

Farewell To Arms Paper :: essays research papers

Hemmingway has a unique style of writing. It civilises on multiple levels. A person could read Farewell to Arms and enjoy it as a tragic love story. Hemmingways concise writing style allows a literal error interpretation. At the same time a reader could get involved with the various symbols that he has placed in the novel. In a way everything he has layabout be used as a symbol depending on a persons biases. This is what makes Hemmingways writing even more unique. He can have what seems to be a straightforward sentence have multiple meanings. The transcendentalist and romantic writing styles leave ideas vague so the reader can reflect on his/her own thoughts. Hemmingway is pragmatic in the sense that his writing can be read literally, but also romantic if you read his work more in depth. One symbol that Hemmingway seems to use constantly is night and the fear of darkness. Fredrick is afraid of the dark. What this seems to mean is that Fredrick is afraid to be in the unknown. This is the idea that males need to know what is nigh them. Fredrick is afraid of what he does not understand. This symbol is also seen in A Way Youll Never Be where Hemmingways character cut off will not sleep without a light. When a person sleeps they are resting and it seems that Fredrick does not want to rest without knowing. If Nick were to have the light he would be able to see what was going on. This would allow Nick to know what is happening. Thus it could be seen that the symbol of the unknown and how the male characters want to know what is happening. some other analysis of this could be that Fredrick is afraid of the malicious things around him. This is the superficiality of the male. Basically in this sense the male wants to live in his perfect little creation and not worry about the complexities of life. This is the opposite of the fear of the unknown because in this sense the males do not want to know. Fredrick would then be scared of the brutal around him. War is pa rt of the evil around him because with war comes with real sadness. Fredericks fear of darkness is really fear of those evil elements and the sadness around him. Fredrick is afraid of the sad reality. He wants to live in the simple superficial world he is in.

Farewell To Arms Paper :: essays research papers

Hemmingway has a unique style of writing. It works on multiple levels. A mortal could read Farewell to Arms and enjoy it as a tragic love story. Hemmingways concise writing style allows a literal interpretation. At the same time a reader could get involved with the various symbols that he has placed in the novel. In a way everything he has stomach be used as a symbol depending on a persons biases. This is what makes Hemmingways writing even to a greater extent unique. He gage have what seems to be a straightforward sentence have multiple meanings. The transcendentalist and romantic writing styles leave ideas vague so the reader can resile on his/her own thoughts. Hemmingway is pragmatic in the sense that his writing can be read literally, but also romantic if you read his work more in depth. One symbol that Hemmingway seems to use constantly is night and the fear of darkness. Fredrick is horror-stricken of the dark. What this seems to mean is that Fredrick is afraid to be in th e un comen. This is the idea that males want to know what is close to them. Fredrick is afraid of what he does not understand. This symbol is also seen in A Way Youll Never Be where Hemmingways character Nick get out not sleep without a light. When a person sleeps they are resting and it seems that Fredrick does not want to rest without knowing. If Nick were to have the light he would be able to see what was going on. This would allow Nick to know what is happening. Thus it could be seen that the symbol of the unknown and how the male characters want to know what is happening. Another abridgment of this could be that Fredrick is afraid of the malicious things around him. This is the superficiality of the male. Basically in this sense the male wants to live in his perfect little world and not worry about the complexities of life. This is the opposite of the fear of the unknown because in this sense the males do not want to know. Fredrick would then be scared of the evil around him . War is part of the evil around him because with war comes with real sadness. Fredericks fear of darkness is really fear of those evil elements and the sadness around him. Fredrick is afraid of the sad reality. He wants to live in the simple superficial world he is in.

Comparing and Analyzing the Differences Between Co-Ed Schools and Single-Sex Schools Essay

The issue of single-sex schools versus co-ed schools is very much debated and controversial. There argon strong supporters for both sides, giving good and sensible arguments. It is an issue with a long history, receiving great attention from the media, researchers, teachers and most of all, parents. Although there are many studies that try to answer this question, the problem will probably expand to exist and be debated, the opinions being mixed. After all, choosing a type of education is a matter of personal superior.Nonetheless, there are several clear advantages and disadvantages of both, and there is evidence that there are differences when it comes to teaching styles, progress and achievements. exclusive-sex schools Single-sex schools have a long history, probably being most popular during the 19th and 20th centuries. In these schools, boys and girls are separated, the material bodyes consisting of sole(prenominal) one sexual practice. There are schools that have separ ate buildings for boys and others for girls, or they only admit one gender into their academic program.This is a execute which is thought to help improve the results of the students. According to Mary Elizabeth, writer for instructionBug. org, one of the arguments is the differences between the brains of girls and boys. Others are unalike stress responses and hearing sensitivity and that these differences can go around be responded to by antitheticaliating their instruction and learning environment (CoEd or Single Sex Education). These reasons seem to be plausible and they are enough for many lot to choose this kind of education for themselves or their children. There are some advantages of single-sex schools.As mentioned above, the supporters of single-sex education have many arguments and perhaps the greatest one of them is the educational benefit. It is believed that this kind of education improves student achievements and progress. Girls and boys learn and think in differe nt ways, therefore they should be separated and the studies should be based on each genders interests and strengths. Different teaching techniques should be used too. Since girls are more mature than boys at a younger age, they can be more thoughtful and focused in school, whereas boys have a lower concentration limit, and they act protrude ore often than girls.Leonard Sax, who has a PhD, is an M. D. in Montgomery County and founded the National Association for the onward motion of Single Sex Public Education, claims Teach boys properly, and they will learn. All these can improve a students per resileance. Furthermore, there is a overlook of distraction in single-ed. Boys are sexually distracted by girls, being at an age when they are aroused often, and girls are distracted by the boys expression (Single-Sex Education).Thompson and Ungerleider, researchers for the Canadian Center for Knowledge Mobilisation sic state in their report Girls are able to focus more on academics wit hout having to worry about gentle the guys. They have also quoted a 15 year old male student who said When there is a hot girl in class you tend to look at her not to concentrate. This proves that distraction plays an important role in education, and the single-sex schools are a means of controlling it (Single Sex Schooling). Moreover, other argument is the gender gap. This refers to the difference between girls and boys.Usually, girls are academically performing better than boys. But the focus is not on how well the girls are doing unless that they are doing much better than boys, the latter being often underachievers. By separating the genders in classes could be secure to them, focusing more on subjects they excel at, and applying different teaching methods (Single Sex Schooling). For the many supporters of single-sex schools, the improvement of achievements and progress, the different teaching styles, gender interests and strengths, as well as the gender gap are the main arg uments.Single-sex ed is a popular choice among parents, even though not all students want it or feel comfortable with it and most of them, if given a choice this would not be their first. However, despite the many advantages, there are also down-sides of single-sex schools and education. Kristin Stanberry, a writer and editor specializing in parenting, education, and consumer health/wellness issues, argues that there are many who believe that gender separation is not wise as there arent many instructors who are able to adapt their teaching methods and understandings to only one gender.This could lead to a worse development and achievements, the exact opposite of what single-eds aim is. Even more, maybe the greatest counter-argument is that this way of education promotes contrast and sexism. This is what many people believe, among them being the American Civil Liberties Union which even filed a suit against a school in Kentucky for organizing single-sex classes in their institution (Single-Sex Education the pros and cons). By attending a single-sex school, people may develop shyness and have problems interacting with the other sex in the future, for there was no precedent during their education. integrated schools Unlike single-sex schools, co-ed schools are educational institutions where boys and girls are not separated, being no restrictions and no classes where only one sex can attend. It is not a practice as old as its opponent, in the chivalric the high forms of education being reserved only for male students. However, in the recent past they have gained in popularity, now having many supporters. Co-ed schools have many clear advantages in comparison to single-sex ones.One of these advantages, as it is pointed out on the University linguistic communication function website, by having a class with both men and women it offers more diversity, giving a better chance to interact with each other (Co-ed vs. Single Sex Schools). It helps the students to deve lop their ability to talk to the other sex, developing their social skills much more than single-sex schools. Edelman Public Relations, a firm specialized on doing researches and reports, did a study on Canadian students which shows that students attending a co-ed institution have a higher level of self-confidence.Furthermore, due to interaction between sexes, co-ed attendants tend to develop a deeper respect towards the other gender. 80% of students in co-ed declared that they find it very easy to create friendships and establish relationships with members of the uniform sex, and 72% find it easy for members of the opposite sex, while single-sex students reported that they make friends easily in only 58% of the times. Also, they have a strong life of security. A research reveals that students attending co-ed schools are much more likely to discuss ideas from their homework with opposite-sex friends (83%) than students in other school environments.This interaction results in expos ure to a greater diversity of views and opinions as they share ideas of both sexes (The Benefits of the Co-educational Environment). On their website, the Cathedral School of Llandaff, Cardiff, argues that a co-ed school is also beneficial in fighting sexism and discrimination as opinions of the both sexes are expressed and debated, resulting into a better understanding of each gender and the notion of equality (Advantages of Co-Education). aboard with all these favorable features of co-ed schools, there is the choice of people.Students tend to choose this kind of education over single-sex institutions for the above reasons, as well as the higher possibility of finding a temporarily or life-time partner, which is becoming quite important for present generations. However, although co-ed has many advantages and benefits, it also has many disadvantages. Firstly, University Language Services claims on its website that students may feel intimidated by the members of the other sex and wi ll not participate in class discussions and activities as much as they would if it was a single-sex class (Co-ed vs. Single Sex Schools).Becky Francis affirms in her book Boys, girls, and Achievement Addressing the classroom issues that another disadvantage is the unfairness that sometimes occurs. Boys usually draw more attention to themselves, dominating the classroom and acting out while girls are quieter and more withdrawn. Also, studies have shown that teachers tend to favor boys by asking them more questions and reservation them participate more than girls (30-31). Furthermore, Ruth Vanita, writer for the Manushi periodical, implies in the article Some Disadvantages of Coeducation that starting from an early age, boys tend to harass and tease girls.The effect is that this makes girls feel insecure, humiliated and might develop a negative attitude towards men as they grow up. In addition, when pairing up for sharing a desk or selection group members for different activities, those who are left out or chosen last could grow an even deeper sense of insecurity. They might also feel untempting for the other gender, develop emotional and psychological issues, which may later lead to something worse, such as depression. 29, 31-32) Thompson and Ungerleider implied in their report that there is a dumbing down phenomenon as boys sometimes refuse to participate in class, give the correct answers or do homework as its just not cool to be smart and they feel they will leave a bad impression on girls if they do so. Another disadvantage is the competiveness. Girls tend to be more implicated and academically active, generally being better students than boys (Single Sex Schooling). This may result into negative reactions from the boys, marginalizing girls.It could also lead to an aggressive response, or other bad outcomes such as cheating in order to keep up with the girls. Finally, it can lead to an even more deepening of the gap between boys and girls. To use a no n-academic term, boys tend to be slackers, being lazier than girls and try to persuade them into sharing homework and helping them or giving them the answers to tests. All in all, the issue of co-ed and single-sex educational institutions is very much debated and controversial lately receiving much attention from the media, researchers and parents.They both have many supporters providing arguments trying to prove that one is better than the other. There are many positive and negative effects, advantages and disadvantages of both, and there isnt yet a clear conclusion whether one is better than the other. While there are studies and different opinions on this issue, the way to go is a matter of personal choice. In the end all that matters is how parents and students feel and what their interest and feelings are about it when choosing one form of education or the other.And in what concerns me, I might be biased, as Ive attended co-ed educational institutions my entire life, but I sel ect this type of education, and I could never picture myself or my children being enrolled in a single-sex school. I say this because in my experience, co-ed schools have been beneficial for me and worked out to my advantage, and I strongly believe that the benefits of such an institution and the argument put forth by its supporters are strong and logical, so if it was my choice, I would choose co-ed.

Counseling in the Church

Abstract Select (highlight) this text and then begin typing your abstract, which should be limited to one paragraph of not more than 120 words Introduction Christian charge has been endureed since the origin of Christianity. Even in biblical quantify advise was a part of the churches spiritual life and development. In the Pauline epistles it is clear that God ordained and approved church based counseling.Paul states in Romans 1 514 l myself am convinced my brothers that you yourselves argon full of goodness, complete in knowledge and competent to instruct (counsel) one another. manage the pagan nations of the time, Christianity in addition addressed grief and sin. (Deadlocked-Haynes, 2010) thither is a need for Christian counseling in todays church. The need stems for a bigger social, cultural, and professional dynamic. In Christ centered soul circumspection, the church is the primary place w present healing, growth and healthy relationships take place. Christ centered soul p ortion out views hurt as a soul wound.It meaner do connections instead of Just skilled talking. The impact of rush and maturity of the counselor outweighs the techniques used. Soul wield incorporates the belief that God is the supreme healer. Soul care goes beyond psychotherapy into spiritual transformation and discipleship. Psychotherapy has its place only when should be done in adjudication to the work of the church. (Clinton Leaseholder, 2002) Major Themes rural Counseling The term pastoral comes from the Bible it is the human effort of man responding to Gods call to care. Bock, 2007) It is God ordained for some to be pastors and teachers for the equipping of the saints for the work of ministry, for the enlighten of the body of Christ, to which all come to the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of he son of God to a perfect man, to the measure of statue of the fullness of Christ ( Ephesians 411-13) Pastors are essential to the success of todays church. The preaching and teaching, as well as pastoral counseling transforms lives. Pastoral counseling is not separate but is an filename extension of preaching. Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002) People who are in the church hurting need a pastor whose shepherding is in line of that of the Good Shepherd. In the Bible Paul plant loving shepherds everywhere he planted a church. Specific duties for them were outlined. As pastors counsel their flock, there approach should be Christ centered ND sacrifice a strong theological structure based in love. (Chosen & Diabolism, 2007) Lay Counselors There is an ever increasing role of paraprofessional counselor. The increases live been seen both nationally and internationally.There is a signifi peckt need limitations of moral health benefits, has raised the need for paraprofessional services. Paraprofessional counselors are those counselors, who have not been imposingly trained in or credentialed in mental health, yet facilitate mental health care to those who are hurting. Paraprofessional counselors excessively known as worldly counselors operate in such setting as hotness, peer counseling, clients homes, and at bottom church-based ministries (Garon Tillie, 2009). It is increasingly difficult in todays church for a pastor to facilitate all counseling within the church.There is a wardrobe need today for paraprofessional counselors in the church. Within the church paraprofessional counselors are commonly referred to as lay counselors. All Christians are tending(p) the biblical mandate to care for one another. Galatians 62 challenges Christians to carry each others burdens, and in doing so the law of Christ will be fulfilled. For those who have been given the spiritual bounty of exhortation the call is even louder. Scripture illuminates the priesthood in all believers (2 Peter 25). Believers are to minister one to another.Lay counseling is a key ministry within the church. The use of lay counselors has scriptural basis, and proven effe ctive through research. (Dry. Tan, 2013) There are three toughies commonly used by lay counselors. The in baronial, spontaneous model deems in naturally derivering settings through informal relationships such as friendships. This type of lay counselor may or may not have training. The indorse model, the informal nonionic model, lay professionals help in natural settings, but they have training and are supervised. The third model is the formal organized model.With the formal organized model counseling is conducted in an official setting, the counselor is supervised, and the counselor has received training. There are hybrid models that incorporate the informal organized and formal organized models (Garon Tillie, 2009). Incorporating A Counseling Ministry Within the Church Dry. Slang-Yang Tan the editor of the Journal for Psychology and Christianity suggest our steps to follow to incorporate counseling ministries within a church. 1. Decide the appropriate model for counseling. To incorporate lay counseling as a ministry the choice is between informal, organized and formal, organized models.In larger churches, both models are incorporated at times. Having the ability to incorporate both models gives, different levels of care, appealing to different clients. Some cultures have a stigma against formalize counseling. Within a church where this stigma may be present the informal organized model may be deemed more appropriate. 2. Obtain support from both the pastoral staff and churches circuit board. To be sure that the foundations for counseling are laid securely full support from the pastoral staff and church board is a essential.Counseling ministries should be viewed as an extension of pastoral care, and vital to the health and development of the church. 3. Selection and screening of persons who are gifted and qualified from the congregation. Person can be recruited openly or privately. Open recruitment involves an announcement to the congregation, and taki ng applicants. Closed recruitment involves the church attractionship nominating candidates. No matter the selection bidding candidates should be interviewed and trained. Selection should be done after interviewing and training is complete. 4.Establish an effective training program normally incorporate basic listening and helping skills. It is excessively recommended that the training program includes, Bible knowledge as it relates to good deal helping, counseling skills, common problems like depression and spiritual dryness. An effective training program also incorporates ethics, and addressing ethical dilemmas. Lay counselors should be given instructions on how to obtain informed consent with linens. 5. Establish ministries for using lay counselors. The specific ministries established for care using lay counselors will depend on the models chosen by the church.There should be continuous training and supervision for lay counselors. If the church has the resources the training s hould be conducted by licensed mental health professionals or at a minimum by an experienced pastor or church leader who has such knowledge. Some state laws may not allow the use of the term lay counselor due to licensing laws for paraprofessional counselors. In this instance other terms ay be used for example lay helpers or lay caregivers (Dry. Tan, 2013). Individual Counseling Within the church setting one on one counseling is oftentimes conducted.Using one framework, the counselor helps the client connect with God who ultimately changes the client. In this framework God is invited in and God is the one primarily changing the client. by dint of God the client moves closer to their goals, and deepens their relationship with God. The dynamics of individual counseling are similar when the counselor is a clinician, a pastor, or a lay counselor. (Clinton Leaseholder, 2002) Premarital Counseling Religious policy devising has increased opportunities for development of marriage counsel ing. 0% of couples that receive marriage counseling use clergy. 75 to 80% of first weddings occur with in a church, or other sacred structure. This gives clergy access to couples, as well as the power to set minimum marriage requirements within religious institutions. Clergy having the power to set permissions to marry, have a captive audience. Couples will submit to counseling as a meaner to get married. There are few couples who voluntarily seek pre-marital counseling. (Wilhelm, 2006) Clergy have less influence over couples once they are married.About half of married couples would consider relationship education such as classes or workshops. The influence of clergy is greater, when he or she is deemed morally sound. Clergy have an unparalleled opportunity to facilitate premarital counseling. The number of organizations that actually provide premarital counseling is lacking. slight than half of the religious organizations provide premarital counseling services. (Wilhelm, 2006) Th e most helpful topics in premarital counseling are family of origin, finances, communication and conflict resolution, and sex roles and innerity.All couples must solve or develop the skills to resolve issues relating to the aforementioned. Premarital counseling should not consist primarily of lectures. An effective program begins 6 to 12 months prior to the wedding. There should also be follow-up counseling after the wedding. (Wilhelm, 2006) Group Counseling Four out of every 10 Americans are part of small organized classifys that meets it is an enriching experience. Such groups occur in settings such as treatment facilities, churches, counseling centers, schools, and in the business world.Groups are also prevalent in the field of mental health. Wenches groups are constructed there are clear specifications of guidelines, number of sessions, and cost. Churches are primary components of small groups. Churches give small group opportunities, and are meeting needs of people in a varie ty of ways. These groups can include Bible studies, and support group as well as lay or professional counseling groups (Clinton Leaseholder, 2002). Counseling and psychotherapy groups are two types of groups that meet within churches. Counseling groups focus on interpersonal problem-solving skills.They also incorporate, support methods using a here and now framework. On the other hand psychotherapy groups are established to reduce psychological or emotional dysfunction. These groups explore antecedents to behaviors using both interpersonal and interpersonal assessment, diagnosis, and interpretation. Historical and present material also are connected. Both groups focus primarily on the needs of the individual members. There is a leader in both types of groups who facilitates, teaches or counsels (Clinton Leaseholder, 2002).One therapeutic model used for Christian group therapy is The Healing Cycle. This model is used in interpersonal process therapy groups. The spunk mechanism for change in this model is interpersonal interaction. The healing cycle is compatible with a Christian worldview, and incorporates Scripture at each step of the process. It also includes theoretical orientation, the most prevalent of which is cognitive behavioral and interpersonal theories. The healing cycle consists of six phases which are grace, safety, vulnerability, truth, ownership, and confession.In the finals phase it further incorporates grace and the cycle continues. (Hook Hook, 2010) good Issues The church has been infected by the societal shift to post-modernism, and post- Christianity. In todays church acts of neglectfulness are ever present. Wrong doing is no longer accidental but intentional. Sexual misconduct, abuse of power, and other forms of exploitation are prevalent. The cause of Christ suffers, and Christianity name is slandered, because of these dreadful acts. There needs to be a renewed chase to uphold biblical and ethical meters within the church.Congregan ts still hold fast to the belief that church leadership can be trusted therefore the standard of excellence and integrity cannot be compromised (Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002). Ethics is defined as the study of standards of conduct and moral Judgment and the system or reckon of moral conduct of a particular person, religion, group or profession by Webster New World Dictionary. A code of ethics outlines standards of behavior for particular group. The focal group for the America Association of Christian Counselors (AC) code of ethics is Christian counselors (Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002).Ethical decision making and subsequently ethical codes are based on three views inspired revelation formulating moral absolutes, radical individualism creating oral relativism and social constructs which produces moral conscience (Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002). In the past most ethical systems were biblically based. This view undeniably viewed Gods forge as truth, therefore His statues were power to su bmit to this law could be obtain through a relationship with Jesus Christ (Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002). The view of the AC code of ethics is derived from biblical principles.Christian counselors ascribe to Christianity, and thus should have no problem conforming to ethical standards (Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002). Counselor faces ethical dilemmas. When ethical dilemmas arise, a standard ethical decision making process should be employed (American Counseling Association, 2005). It is important to deliberately engage is the decision making process. There is no decision making model that has been proven more effective over another. Counselors need to be familiar with at least one, or a combination of several.Ethical decision making is not always a clear cut process, but emotion effect decisions made as well. One model recommended which incorporates consideration of cultural differences, principles of altruism, and caring. 1 . Identify the problem. . Identify issues that are surrounding the problem. 3. Review ethics codes pertaining to the problem. 4. Have a working know of laws and regulations. 5. Obtain consultation. 6. Outline possible course of action. 7. think the consequence of various decisions. 8. Chose best option (Corey, Corey, & Callahan, 2011) The modern day pastor lives in controversial world.There is a rise of malpractice suits against the clergy. There needs to be clearly defined ethical accountability within the arena of church counseling. Many states do not require clergy to be licensed in the field of unseeing, as long as they are operating within a theological framework, and serve under a legitimate religious organization, body or denomination (Pain, 2010). The Practice of Pastoral Care by Carrie Doddering outlines three major ethics issues faced by clergy. These issues are prevalent within church counseling. 1. Limits of confidentiality.Clergy flag in to the group of mandated reporters. Clergy members who counsel must report sexual abuse or neglect when it involves children or the elderly. Clergy members are also required to protect polished information about clients (Doddering, 2006). 2. Sexual misconduct. There is a power dynamic within counseling. Because of this power dynamic the client cannot authenticate consent to a sexual relationship with the counselor. Without authentic consent this type of relationship is viewed as coercive in nature. (Doddering,2006) 3. Limits of expertise.Long-term counseling should not be conducted by a pastor unless they have been trained in pastoral counseling. Pastoral caregivers should only practice with in the limit of expertise. (Doddering, 2006) Four other areas of ethical concerns within church counseling are pastoral identity, referral, integrity, and boundary limit. Within all these areas malpractice can occur. In regards to clergy malpractice is negligent counseling within the realm of spiritual counseling practice. Another definition of malpractice is negligence in executing professional duties.In this definition of negligence implies the counselor not fulfilling their duty and subsequently harming the client. Ethics goes beyond the minimum requirement set ahead by law, ethics acts as a buffer. When ethical standards are View The Bible supports counseling within the church. In Christ centered soul care theology and biblical principles are at the center. Christian counselors should consider theological perspectives while simultaneously engaging in the psychological task of counseling. Biblical agreement is essential to counseling.To be an effective Christian counselor it is important to incorporate theology, psychology, and spirituality. Came 516 says confess your trespasses to one another, and pray for one another, that you may be healed. The effective, fervent prayer of a righteous man avails much within the Bible they are are more than 60 one another Scriptures that given instructions for the care of believers. (Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002) Persona l Reflection Philippians Chapter 33 Paul admonished believer that we the circumcision of God, which worship Him in spirit and have no confidence in the flesh.There are many ideas, concepts, and frameworks, ideologies, and so forth, but without a firm rooted foundation those things may pass away. The only thing that will stand is the excogitate of God. Through the Word lives are impacted and change can take place. I have seen demonstration of the power of God through my own life. No matter the road God leads me to on my Journey to help others, I will hold fast to the Word of God. I may acclimate care in an arena, where spirituality, and religion cannot be openly discussed.

The Positive Effects of the French Revolution

Freedom of speech and press, equality before the law, right to property and security, and the separation of Church and State. All of these things we take for granted as our fundamental rights but until the french Revolution, these concepts were r atomic number 18 in most nations. The Revolution helped spread ideas of commonwealth through inspiring fear in the hearts of monarchs running absolutist governments as well as through the birthing of documents like the Declaration of the Rights of small-arm and of the Citizen and the forty winksic Code.These texts influenced the constitutions of many new(prenominal) countries as well as giving more rights and power to the middle class, which in turn took power forth from the aristocracy. The events and issue of the French Revolution caused other countries to become more liberal and eventually become democratic countries. One way the Revolution influenced democracy is by dower the middle class to emerge and gain more power. By giving all free men rights to property and to an equal chance at an occupation, Napoleon destroyed the aristocratic system.A man could no longer make a living conscionable from being descended from royal blood. He had to work just as hard as the next man to secure his position in life. By creating this almost capitalist economy, the French had set the bar for the other countries for economy as well as for standard of living. Eventually the rest of Europe would have to catch up with France but they could non keep the like social structure and aristocratic system plot of land having a mercantilist economy. This also encouraged countries to abandon their social structure and give their people more rights.By conquering many of the surrounding European nations, Napoleon helped spread his democratic ideas to other countries. One of his best tools for doing this was the Napoleonic Code, a French civil enactment written by a commission of jurists in 1804. France had never had a set of laws, just community rules, so writing these laws was a big tempo towards democracy. The Code was not just instituted in France, but every European nation Napoleon conquered. Countries like Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and Belgium all cite the Napoleonic Code as the origination for their laws.It stated that government jobs were to be given to the most qualified person and forbade any privileges to be given based on birth. These points took away the basis of feudalism in many of the largest European nations and created equality, without which a democracy cant survive. The code also gives freedom of religion, which was rare in Europe. Up until the Revolution, the church had always had a large part in ruling countries but this rule put more power in the hands of the people and took away power from the clergy.France was successful in spreading democracy largely because they led by example. They gave other countries the idea that they could get what they wanted. When they were un satisfied with their king they revolted and got who they wanted on the throne to rule instead, demonstrating one of the major principles of democracy, the right to choose their leader. When they were starving, they marched on Versailles and threatened the king and got bread delivered to them. Many countries were inspired by the success of the French Revolution and led their own revolts.When the suppress slaves in Haiti and Santo Domingue learned of the conditions in France they led their own revolt and slaughtered their masters and families. This revolution led to the abolition of thralldom in Haiti, as well as it becoming an independant republic in 1804. Similarly, after Napoleon invaded Spain in 1807, some Spanish colonies took advantage of the opportunity and revolted while Spain was distracted. Many people believed that the revolution did not lead to democracy, but but produced violence and murder.While it is true that many people were killed during the Revolution, especially the Reign of Terror, it was obligatory for the revolution to succeed. Although possibly over-doing it, Robespierre had the interests of the people at heart and was dedicated to removing any and all opposition to his cause. With many anti-revolutionaries around to criticize and hinder the revolution, it might not have been successful and never have planted the seed of democracy in the hearts of Frenchmen.Edmund Burke, a member of British parliament, wrote just months after the alight of Bastille that he thinks it is better for change to happen over time than for there to be a dramatic social upheaval. The problem with that is that the countries in Europe couldnt just wait around for a king to come down the line that wasnt greedy and corrupt and wanted to give their people rights and freedoms. Louis xvi had piloted France to a 12,000,000 livre debt, much of it spent on personal expenses and it was only getting worse when the revolutionaries interfered.The bloodshed and violence wa s a wakeup call to the rest of Europe that the oppressed people would to whatever it took to gain there rights and freedoms. If they hadnt fought back, feudalism might have been the type of government for another few centuries. In Rights of Man by Thomas Paine, he argues that each government is not hereditary and each generation should have the right to choose their government. Therefore, the French had the right to depose Louis sixteen and establish a republic. Although having some flaws, the French Revolution was highly successful in influencing the growth of democracy.It was the cause of the creation of multiple documents stating that all men are equal, one of the basic principals of democracy. Those documents also gave men freedom of religion, made obtaining a position by birthright illegal and prevented secret laws from being published. These laws were not only in effect in France but in every part of Napoleons empire. The revolution inspired other countries to revolt with Hait i becoming the early black republic because of it. People were killed during the revolution but sacrifices had to be made in exchange for success, and you cant argue with success.

The Explosion Of Hiv/Aids Cases In District Of Columbia

The HIV/ support scourge in the regulate of Columbia posses a key public health challenge. Though momentous strides in the diagnosis, treatment as well as the survival of those who ar living with the disease leave taken place within the locality and nationally at large, the District still remains one of the cities with the highest number of persons infected with the killer disease in the U.S.The continues contain information about the prevalence of HIV/AIDS within the District of Columbia. Various statistics about different cases of the occurrence of the pandemic have been outlined.The report extensively talks about what needs to be done to put the situation under control. A combined responsibility is required from all the pertinent stakeholders are the key to the success against the dreaded illness.HIV/AIDS explosion in the District of Columbia IntroductionThe Columbian District has the highest number of people affected by the AIDS pandemic in the United States. The rate can be compared to the sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS cases reported in the year 2002 within the District was 162.4 per all 100,000 people compared to just 14.8 per 100,000 for the whole of U.S.In a local study about the cases of AIDS that were reported in 2001, when the District of Columbia was compared with other cities with nation which is great than 500,000, the result was that it recorded the highest rate of 119 cases for every 100,000 people. This was when all the cities were included. The figure represented the highest rate to have been recorded in 2004 (Bureau of Surveillance 2007). Review of the LiteratureBasing on the one-year Report released by the District of Columbia HIV/AIDS Epidemiology in October 2007, nearly 70% of all the cases concerning AIDS between 1997 and 2006 progressed form HIV and AIDS within a period of less than 12 months immediately after(prenominal) the diagnosis of the first HIV, mainly because of late testing, in comparison to 39% nationally.The population o f African Americans in the whole District is around 57 per centum but they account for over 81 percent of the recent reports about HIV cases. And though the black females are 58% of the population of female in the District, they represent 90% of the legitimate female cases of HIV.The principal mode of transmission is heterosexual contact at 38% of the reported infections. Nationally, men who get engaged in sexual activities with other men lead in the transmission of the deadly disease.According to the study in the American magazine of public Health (2008), within the whole nation, the rate of HIV among the blacks who are non-Hispanic and are between 19 and 24 is twenty quantify higher than the young U.S. adults.AIDS wave continues to be the principal cause of death especially for the drab women who are aged between 24 and 34 the Black youths represent over 56 percent of the current HIV/AIDS cases amongst youth in America (Silvestre 2008).To add on that, almost 50 percent of the black men who are gay within the United States are likely to have been infected with the disease. And regardless of all the alarming statistics, it was only recently that disease was treated as a solemn crisis in the District of Columbia. Initially, it was long ignored by the politicians, governing body agencies, the press and the whole community.Given the event that the treatments have immensely improved in the past decade, people infected with the lethal disease are regularly finding that the disease is manageable. As a result, quite a number of people are not open about their HIV status and do not have strategies to save their lives as well as the lives of their loved ones.Nonetheless, the is escalating at a higher rate. The demands in the private and public healthcare systems are bound to continue increasing. It is therefore, the requirement of the government to get more serious about the shortage and forge ways of solving it.The commenceicipation of the community is the pri mary key to improving the response of the District to the AIDS pandemic. The planning bodies such as Avoidance Planning Group, the AIDS Task Force of the Mayor, and the HIV Wellbeing Service Planning Council should try as much as possible to publish their meetings together with minutes on the HAA website so that they are accessed by the majority people.As a result, information will be provided to a large number of persons therefore creating awareness. To add on that, stronger efforts should be applied in the appointment of the community members to the bodies. The community members should not be part of the board members, the employees or the consultants of the group that is provided with funds. The present conflict-of-interest provisions, for instance in the Ryan White Care Act need to be enforced.Challenges at HAAHIV supervision has been changed to names account system. However, enhanced protections for privacy are required. The District of Columbia gave up on various Unique Ident ifiers that were made use of to protect the privacy of the people after their involvement was forced by the federal government.Reauthorization Act of Ryan White currently bases the allocation of funds on HIV and AIDS instances. Nevertheless, the states, the District included, should report both(prenominal) HIV and AIDS occurrences to the CDC using exclusive identifiers.The names-reporting system for reporting the cases of HIV creates a de facto life span registry that requires a stronger protection for privacy compared to the current one. The laws about medical privacy do not allow for the private right of action.There is also no penalty based on individual train for the government employees who goes contrary to the expectations of the law. Any form of penalty is aid by the government of the District of Columbia, and this takes place only if the government decides to sue itself. It is for this reason that the stronger laws are seriously required

Machiavelli: The Realist Essay

Political echtism did not become a popular concept until it was discussed by Niccol Machiavelli, reservation him one of the most influential philosophers. According to another philosopher, Francis Bacon, Machiavelli was the founder of a new, objective science of politics, concerned not with what should be, but with what is, not with hopes and fears, but with working realities (Wootton XXXVII). Machiavellis handbook for princes, titled The Prince, takes the world as it is and gives advice through the discussion of real world examples. Max Lerner, the deceased American journalist, once stated, May I venture a guess as to the reason why we still shudder slightly at Machiavellis nameIt is our recognition that the realities he describes be realities that men, whether in politics, in business, or in private life, do not act according to their professions of virtue. When mass have Machiavellis text they are astounded by some of his remarks. However, he persistently uses examples to va lidate that what he is saying. Although large number may not want to accept his comments, he is merely making observations. passim his handbook, it is made evident that Machiavelli is indeed a realist. Throughout his handbook, Machiavelli studys it evident that he is indeed a realist through his examination of why a commitment to oneness and virtue is not possible for successful leadership, but deception, cruelty, and war are essential.The essential perception of reporting what actu in ally occurs is expressed by Machiavelli. In explaining his economic consumption for writing The Prince, he states, But my hope is to write a book that will be useful, at least to those who read it intelligently, and so I view it sensible to go straight to a discussion of how things are in real life and not waste time with a discussion of an fanciful world (Machiavelli 48). Unlike most other philosophers, Machiavelli does not believe in creating a utopia. He prefers to state the truth and make co nclusions based on real events, which is exactly what he does throughout the text.According to MachiavelliMany authors have constructed imaginary republics and principalities that have never existed in practice and never could for the gap between how people actually behave and how they ought to behave is so great that anyone who ignores everyday reality in order to live up to an ideal will soon clutch he has been taught how to destroy himself, not how to preserve himself. (Machiavelli 48) Machiavelli uses examples from the present time as well as the past to illustrate his advice for the princes. For example, Machiavelli refers to a contemporary Italian prince, whom he feels is a model of the ideal prince, on several occasions. His name is Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI.One time Machiavelli refers to him is when discussing individuals who acquire principalities through fortune. Instead of creating a hypothetical situation in which a somebody receives principalities thr ough luck and making up possible outcomes, Machiavelli directly cites Borgia who received land from his father. He asserts, Cesare Borgia, who was called Duke Valentino by the common people, acquired his state thanks to the good fortune of his father, and when that came to an end he lost it (Machiavelli 22). By using real occurrences, Machiavellis advice becomes more convincing. The people cognise that he is basing his guidance on events which have actually taken place, and therefore they accept more of what he has to say.Machiavellis criticism of human nature is disreputable for the obvious reason that he bashes manhood. The words he uses to describe humans all have a negative connotation. While they may look improbably harsh, he is only stating the truth. Machiavelli explains, For of men one can, in general, say this They are ungrateful, fickle, deceptive and deceiving, avoiders of danger, eager to gain (Machiavelli 52). While some may argue that they do not possess these neg ative characteristics, Machiavelli disagrees arguing that while they may not show them, they are capable of them.He continues on to describe humans as being self-preserved. As long as you serve their interests, they are devoted to you. They promise you their blood, their possessions, their lives, and their children, as I said before, so long as you seem to have no need of them. But as soon as you need help, they turn against you (Machiavelli 52). People are willing to give up all that they have, but when the time comes to actually give their belongings away, they run away. This assumption that humans are being of pitiless self-interest follows with political realism.Machiavelli furthers his negative remarks nigh human beings when he discusses virtue. Based on Machiavellis use of the word virtue, he seems to be referring to qualities that would earn praise. He states several praiseworthy characteristics that most humans would think are beneficial to possess. Machiavelli continues po inting out Now I make love everyone will agree that if a ruler could have all the good qualities I have listed and none of the bad ones, then this would be an excellent state of affairs. But one cannot have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion, for we do not live in an ideal world. (Machiavelli 48) While his point is intended for princes, it can be applied to humans as well.His earlier case about humans being self-absorbed and fickle can apply here as well. He acknowledges that it would be better for rescript if everyone acted virtuously, but it is not an ideal world. Therefore, since not everyone can possess only good qualities, he turns to a blatant reality that people must be deceiving. They need to pretend to have positive characteristics in order to fool those who oppose them. He believes the good traits are more advantageous if a person merely seems to possess them. A person should seem to be compassionate, trustworthy, sympathetic, honest, and re ligious instead of actually being those things.Machiavelli makes clear that virtue is not possible for a prince to be successful. He emphasizes the need for deception, and then moves on to discuss cruelty. Machiavelli explains that while it is good to be loved by your people, it is better to be feared. This is because men who love you will remain loyal until they fear their interests are at stake and run away. If the men are afraid of you, then they will not be able to run away because their fear will restrain them. Machiavelli states, for it is impossible to keep an army united and ready for action without acquiring a account for cruelty (Machiavelli 52). If a prince wants control and order, then he needs to be feared. According to Machiavelli, cruelty is the way to achieve this goal and is essential if a prince wishes to abide by his power.The third necessity for a prince to remain a leader is to be powerful during war. Machiavelli, who clearly believes it is important to refer to the past as a guide, advises rulers to read history books and study the actions of men who succeeded. He declares, A ruler should see how they conducted themselves when at war, study why they won some battles and lost others, so he will know what to imitate and what to avoid (Machiavelli 47). By learning about past leaders, a prince can imitate the actions of historical figures who are admirable in order to make himself better.Machiavellis emphasis on war may come from the fact that, during this time, Italy is in pieces, and he wishes for it to be united. He encourages rulers to only think of military matters and states that in time of peace he should be even more occupied with them than in time of war (Machiavelli 46). A prince should constantly be a whole tone ahead of his enemies, and, therefore, needs to persistently focus on how he can be better prepared for war. By having a good army and a set plan, a ruler is able to maintain his power.Although many people criticize Mach iavelli for his outrageous political realism, he was discussing the truth about reality. Some people may see it as harsh, but sometimes the truth hurts. Machiavelli states, So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants to hold on to power, to learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge (Machiavelli 48). He explains in depth why honesty and virtue are not factors in find out a princes success. Instead, a prince needs to be deceiving, cruel, and a powerful military ruler in order to keep his power.Works CitedMachiavelli, Niccol. The Prince. Trans. David Wootton. Indianapolis Hackett, 1995. Print.

Writing and Main Point

Here are four examples of how to start your essay with a strong main point My dream is to live on a civil engineer. Ever since I was a child with a Logo set, I befool venerateed building things. Engineering would let me express my fill in for creating things, and allow me to apply my science and math skills. In the future, I would like to become a teacher. Teaching seems like the perfect match for me because I enjoy working with children and teaching them new skills. Also, my own teachers have played an important role in my life and I hope to do the same for another(prenominal) students in the future. I want to become a chef Just like Sam Choc.To me, cooking is very creative and although it can look easy from the outside, it is oft very dif cult to do well. Plus, I love to eat Although Im not sure what Job I lead have, I do know that it will be in the FL led of medicine. I have learned a lot about nursing from my aunt, who has inspired me to consider a career in medicine. What will be unmatched or two main points of YOUR essay? STEP 3 construct your Story The heart of your essay will be the stories and details you use to support your main point. Good examples also bring your main point to life and capture your essay memorable.Notice how the essay is built up, in the example Focus of essay My dream Job is to be a crime scene investigator. This Job would combine my love of science with the challenge of resolving a real life mystery. Details I have always enjoyed science. This year I am taking Chemistry and have learned how heterogeneous chemicals react and how you can test for the presence of different chemicals. Reading research worker novels is a favorite pastime. Its a challenge to FL guru out who did it. Real life detective work would be much more exciting . I watch CSS every week. Its amazing how the simplest clue can lead to the arrest of a criminal.Just one tiny FL beer from the assailants Jacket can lead to his capture. Law enforcement helps to keep the community safe. CSS detectives make sure that criminals do not get away with their crimes. STEP 4 End strong End your essay by shining a new light on the main point you started with, or leave the referee with something interesting to think about. Here are three examples Medicine is a very honorable profession, since it seeks to help those who need it the most. I am looking off to becoming a pre-med major in college and taking the first step toward becoming a doctor.Seeing people enjoy my cooking is one of the best feelings in the world. Becoming a chef is one way I can spread this Joy to many more. Hopefully someday I will even have my own restaurant named after me Being a police officer, like my father, has always seemed like a dream. Going to college will not only make this dream possible, but it will also help me to reach my lifelong goal. STEP 5 Hear it O Try to put down your bill of exchange for a day so you can look at it with a fresh eye. Read your essay out lo ud and ask yourself and helpers (teachers, friends, relatives, essay coaches) the hobby questions Does it start with a bang?Does the first sentence make you want to read more? Do you know from the beginning what the essay is going to be about? Were you able to follow the story? Did you get lost anywhere along the way? Did it follow a logical order, or skip confirm and forth in a confusing way? Were there questions that came up that didnt get answered? Were there any words that you heard too many quantify? (Try to avoid using the same word twice in the same sentence. ) Was it interesting? Were there separate that could be livened up? Was it too long? Which parts should you cut out? Is it too short?

Blacks in the Criminal Justice System Essay

All I wanted to do was pop d make to the entirely night pill pusher and get some medicine for my wife. Should concord been a job that took ten minutes at the approximately solely here I am sitting in my rail substance car a reliable xxx minutes novelr delay for this youth jurisprudence rack upicer to decide if he wants to prosecute me for something or not. Should choose cast off-keyn demote than to drive my mother-in-laws car I suppose. I should have bought my own but there you go. Her car was behind mine, she didnt have a problem with me taking it, she gave me the keys for probity sake. But no mode should a younker inexorable male be driving a posh Mercedes just about at night on his own.No I would have been ignored peradventure if I had been driving the old ford compact. But then no I would have lifelessness been picked up, after all it is gone ten pm and this is a nice area. No copper on this beat would understand that I was actually solitary(prenominal) ab start 200 yards from home. But thats not how things are done around here, are they? No, this copper stand fors I have stolen the car, you can unsloped reassure by the amount of time he is spending on that radio of his. Doesnt matter that I have already given him my license and registration for the car doesnt matter that I have given him my home phone number so he can speak to my mother-in-law herself.Nope you can skilful tell from the way this guy is assisting at me that he is planning to arrest me for something this night, he is just having trouble working out what for. Oh well, I guess I am about to find out what he wants now, here he comes again. Oh yes officer of course I impart get out of the car do I mind being searched, what difference does it make if I do. female genitalia he look in the car, well I am not pass to stop him, I know what happens to young blacks who resist during a pull-over. Pop the trunk, yes, stand aside, well yes to that as well.I wonder how he is outlet to turn two bags of flour and some sugar into a wrong offence carrying an illegal centre of attendance perhaps? After all sugar is supposed to be bad for you. Honestly this copper, doesnt he realize that I know exactly what he is doing and why doesnt he know that I know that if my skin color was different that he would not have even pulled me over in the first place. After all I wasnt speeding, I know there is nothing terms with the car, there was no way I could be considered acting in a suspicious mien, my only crime my face doesnt fit that of a Mercedes possessor.Funny thing is that I go on with cases just like this one everyday in my profession. Oh yes, I didnt mention to the policeman that I am a lawyer. Didnt want to aggravate him any more than necessary. I am an improve Black man, made my moma proud I did. Went to college and everything and yes I work full time. That is how I am able-bodied to afford to live in this posh neighborhood. Thats how come I can provide for my wife, our naked baby and even my mother-in-law. I am a hard working, law abiding, family orientated young black man. But to this police officer I am just trouble with a capital T.Finally, what, I can go now officer? Oh thank you so much officer, I rattling appreciate it and yes sir I will go home directly. After all I have only been trying to do that for the last thirty minutes. My wife will be worried that I have been gone for so long, the mother-in-law will think I have crashed her new car. What is really ironic is that when we go into this area we didnt ever stop to consider that maybe the color of our skin would influence the way we would be treated. We just wanted somewhere safe for our children to grow up.I work, I pay my taxes and I try and help others. We go to Church regularly and want to teach our kids to be decent gracious beings. But how am I ever exhalation to explain to my own kids that prejudice will represent you no matter where you go in life. I n this country the American dream might be achievable for some people, but not if you are male, young and black. In this country being young and black means you look like a criminal, especially to white police officers. Part cardinal White police officer pulling over African American male in late model Mercedes. It is just typical, you know.I had just stopped and bought myself a hot dog and some new-made coffee and wouldnt you know it, I see a young black male cruising onetime(prenominal) driving a late model Mercedes if you can believe it. Those cars are worth what, $60 $70,000, and I guess this guy just thought he was so lucky when he had acquired it. Okay you know and I know that this car is going to be stolen, but innocent until proven guilty and all that, it is my duty nonetheless to find out where this thug, I beg your pardon, young man is going in this posh car. Who knows maybe he runs an all night valet service and is just dropping off the car to its owner.Actually come to think about it I am fairly sure that I saw this car earlier this evening, thats right, some older white woman was driving it. I think I saw it parked outside that posh looking place just around the corner. I know that some new people had just moved in there, well tonight is their lucky night. Caught a guy red-handed with the stolen car and it will only take a hardly a(prenominal) minutes to let the owners know it has been recovered. Hey, I havent even heard a bare about the car being missing yet well thats the police force for you. Fast, in effect(p) and ready to recover items you didnt even know were missing.You cant get any better service than that. The number one wood seems polite enough. Had to approach the car really slowly, because although I had only seen the driver, his mates could have been laying down in the brook seat. Heard an officer was killed just last week when he pulled up what he thought was one person and there were three more thugs hidden from view. Cant be too careful, especially when he went for his license and registration in the glove box. Gave me a bit of a fright when he leaned over to get the stuff, but there was no way I was going to let that show.No way, I am just going to take these documents back and sit in my car for a minute to let my nerves calm down. Let him think I am on my radio, checking him out really good. Well isnt that strange? No criminal record, no warrants outstanding for this young thug. Address given doesnt match the one on the license, but he claims he has just moved into the area. Claims too that the car is his mother-in-laws, like that is right. What woman with a title like Gladstone-Price would have a son-in-law that was obviously a thug and Black as well, that guy moldiness have thought I was an idiot.Dispatch reckons there will be a slight arrest trying the phone number that the driver gave for the owner of the car, so while I am waiting I will just go and take another look at the car and driver let this guy know who is in charge around here. Nothing like a good frisk and a car search to let these criminals know that police authority was not something to be mucked about with, especially in this neighborhood. What a strange night. Gave the guy and the car a good going over but didnt find anything illegal.Then dispatch calls and tells me that the guy is in the clear and that the owner is a Mrs. Gladstone-Price, and that yes she had loaned her car to her son-in-law, Quincey Parks. What was even more astounding is that apparently this Parks is a lawyer and that he and his wife have just moved to that posh house around the corner. No telling what that will do to the local house prices. Still no need to apologize or anything, hes a lawyer, he should know what to expect. Im sure if I did a check on his family half of his brothers would be serving time and the other half probably should be.Time to head off and get another hot dog and some coffee. That guy Parks did mention somethin g about police harassment, but hey he should be more understanding than anybody. If he doesnt like drawing attention to himself he should never have bought his new house, and he should have stayed with his own people. Thats the problem with Blacks at once give them rights and all of a sudden they go moving into your neighborhood. Well if he thinks he is going to be asked to join the residents association he is in for a bit of a shock, we dont welcome his kind around here.

Expansion in the 1840’s to 1850’s

intricacy IN THE 1840S AND 1850S 1. As our nation expanded from 1845-1860 political leaders could non solve, postp superstar or escape the question as to whether or non to on the wholeow the enlargement of sla really into the territories. translucent DESTINY- had over learnn American justification for expansion- The US had the right and the obligation to expand to the Pacific. 1846- Americans fought an 18 month war against Mexico that resulted in the acquisition of to a greater extent than half of Mexico one third of the current US. 2. JOHN C.CALHOUN- FROM SOUTH CAROLINA Calhoun had been vice death chair under John Quincy Adams in 1825 and Andrew Jackson in 1829. He split with Jackson and did not pose his VP in 1833. The split was over THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS- a tax passed in 1828, as Adams was leaving office, that levied very high protective tariffs on imports for the sole purpose of protecting American manufactures. It made foreign goods in like manner expensive for the sulphur to buy. THIS WOULD LEAD TO EUROPE BUYING LESS OF THE SOUTHS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN RETURN.At the time of the War of 1812 until 1828 Calhoun was a strong NATIONALIST. But as he saying more and more how the sulfur was beingness treated he made a complete turn and became a FANATICAL REGIONALIST. As VP, after the Tariff of 1828 he wrote a pamphlet in which he called for nullification of the tariff by gray declares on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. This Theory of Nullification was first issued by doubting Thomas Jefferson over the debates on the Const. and the role of the Federal vs. State Governments. Jefferson and Madison had move to confide the theory into piece with theVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, in which they stated that the Alien and Sedition Acts (forced in by Adams) violated the Bill of Rights- excuse THE ACTS and were unconstitutional and could be nullified by any state that chose to. Calhoun had little support for nullification. Jackson promised tariff relief. But the Tariff of 1832 provided little reform. Calhoun resigned as VP in 1832 and was elected to the Senate from S. Carolina. S. Carolina called a special convention that on Nov. 24,1832 passed the Ordinance of Nullification forbidding tariff collection in the State.When Calhouns nullification theory was presented to the Senate it was argued that not ONLY COULD A STATE NULLIFY AND UNCONSTITUTIONAL LAW BUT THAT IT COULD ALSO, AS A at last RESORT, SECEDE FROM THE UNION. 1832. Daniel Webster, a Senator from Mass. , defended the powers of the national brass and said Liberty and Union, this instant and forever, one and inseparable. Nullification now divided the nation over the issue of STATES RIGHTS- the will of a state vs the law of the nation. WHAT CALHOUN WAS REALLY conflict FOR WAS PROTECTION OF striverRY WHICH THEY FEARED COULD BE ABOLISHED BY A NORTHERN CONGRESS.That is why as early as 1832 it was important to Calhoun and his supporters to try to rescue the doctrine of States Rights override the National will- Calhoun saw the will of the nation being controlled by the Yankee industrialists. THIS IS PROOF THAT TO THE SOUTH THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY WAS BOTH ECONOMIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL. Jackson, on Dec. 19,1832, state the Tariff to be constitutional and denied the right of a state to block federal law. He endanger armed intervention to collect tariffs. coition passed THE FORCE ACT- empowering the president to use force to collect tariffs.The South nullified the Force Act, however compromise was soon reached with a new tariff. BUT- THE ISSUE OF STATES RIGHTS WOULD NOT GO AWAY. The Mexican war- Northern Democrats were willing to annex Texas, a gray state, since they expected gray support for Oregon. The 1844 egalitarian platform included a pledge to control the whole area of Oregon- US and Britain jointly meshed the area from the 42 parallel to 54,40. The area spread from the present day Yankee put offs of California and Nevada to the Southern border of Russian Alaska. From 1818 there was joint occupation.More Americans were pouring into the area and they wanted to become fragmentise of the US. 1845 Polk recommended termination of the joint occupation and our taking control of the entire area. The question would whether the Southern (Tenn. ) president and his Southern colleagues would support put out territory in Oregon as strongly as they back up slave territory in Texas. The answer was NO- Polk was willing to go to war with Spain for Texas, AND ALL THE OTHER LAND, but not with England over Oregon. So a compromise was reached with Britain at the 49th parallel. 2 Northern pop Senators voted against it, and however the unanimous support of the Whigs pushed it through. Northern democrats arrogateed Texas and Oregon were born in the comparable instant, nursed and cradlers in the same cradle, but having used Northern votes to pop off Texas, the peculiar friends of Texas turned and were doin g all they could to strangle Oregon. Northern Abolitionists saw the Mexican War as a style to expand slaveholding. In 1847 the Mass. legislature resolved that this unconstitutional war was being waged for the triple object of expanding slavery, of streng indeeding the slave power, and of obtaining control of the lay off states. 3. Westward expansion would revive the issue of extension of slavery into the territories. many clean racists had already agreed that the Blacks could never be their intellectual, social, political or economic equals. Most white Northerners opposed allowing slaves to be brought into territories acquired from Mexico. They feared that the spread of slavery into the western hemisphere would LIMIT THEIR OPPORTUNITY TO SETTLE AND FARM ON THAT LAND. NORTHERNERS OPPOSED SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES BOTH AS A LABOR SYSTEM AND THE glowering ENSLAVED PEOPLE.By this time northern black and white tidy sum embraced the concept of the big sedulousness system- free m en and women working to earn a living and remediate their lives. If the slave accepters gained a foothold for their UNFREE labor system in the West then the coming(prenominal) of the free labor system would be restricted or destroyed. 3. THE WILMOST PROVISO- During the Mexican War in 1846, antiauthoritarian congressman David Wilmot, introduced a bill into Congress to prohibit slavery in any territory we would get from Mexico. He felt that blacks would TAINT the territory and that the land should be reserved notwithstanding for the white race. The blackness race already occupy enough of this fair continentI would preserve for free white labor a fair countrywhere the sons of toil, of my own race and own color, can live without the disgrace which association with Negro slavery brings upon free labor. The Proviso was never passed into law, but white Southerners were assiduous at this attempt to stop them from enjoying the fruits of the war by settling into the new lands. THE SO UTH SAW whatever ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE GROWTH AS SLAVERY AS THE FIRST STEP TO ELIMINATING IT. John C. Calhoun countered with his own proposalAll territories to be regarded as common property of the states. Congress would act an agent for the states and necessitate no laws discriminating between the states or depriving and state rights with regard to property. Any national law passed regarding slavery would violate the Const. and the doctrine of states rights. People have the Const. right to form their state governments as they wish, as farseeing as they provide a republican form of government. The Wilmot Proviso was voted on in 1846 and the votes were strictly on section lines, causing the parties to begin to split.It passed the House but failed to come to a vote in the Senate. At the next session in Feb. ,1847, it was re passed by the House but died in the Senate. THE PROVISO STARTED A RIFT WITHIN THE PARTIES BASED ON SECTIONAL TIES. Every Northern state legislature, except one, had supported the Proviso. Every Southern state legislature opposed it. chairwoman Polk backed a compromise that would have extended the Missouri Compromise line across the Mexican cession. Many northerners backed this since they felt temper and topography would keep slavery out of most of the area naturally.BUT M any SOUTHERNERS WERE CONCERNED ABOUT saddle horse A PRECIDENT FOR FUTURE TERRITORY AND DID NOT WANT TO AGREE TO RESTRICTING SLAVERY IN ANY AREA. To pr make upt the spread of slavery into these areas the FREE SOIL party was formed in 1848- composed only of whites whom VIGOROUSLY OPPOSED THE EXPANSION OF SLAVERY. They feared a desecration of the land if the blacks were allowed to settle there. The informal Soil companionship was hostile to the blacks and opposed emancipation. BUT it did get support from few ABOLITIONISTS who saw it as a way to stop the spread of slavery and challenge its existence. 848 the poverty-stricken Soil Party ran former Pres. Martin Van Buren, who came in a distant third behind the Whig- Mexican War hero Zachary Taylor, and the Democrat- Lewis Cass. BUT 10 Free Soil Congressmen were elected. 4. The land settlement after the Mexican War and the opening of the Southwest upset the offset between slave and free states in the nation. Sept 17,1847 the Mexicans surrendered. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ratified by the Senate on establish 10,1848, ceded to the US present day California and late Mexico and parts of Utah, Nevada, Arizona and Colorado.Also the southern border of Texas was set as the Rio Grande. This added over 1 million square mile to the US, added another one-third of our territorial domain, and brought us out to the Pacific. The war introduced us to some future military giants such as Ulysses S. relent and Robert E. Lee. ELECTION OF 1848- Democratic Party split- The Barnburners (supported by Van Buren and New York) supported the Wilmot Proviso. The Hunkers were willing to compromise with the South and nomina ted Cass. This led to the Free Soil Party and a major split within the Democratic Party.The Whigs passed over Henry remains and Daniel Webster and nominated war hero Taylor. Taylor was a Southern slaveholder, but Northern Whigs supported him. They stuck together long enough to get him elected. 5. CALIFORNIA- GOLD- Jan 24,1848, gold discovered at Sutters wedge in California. By 1849 the Gold Rush was on. People were flocking to the area seeking their fortunes. Most men did not strike it rich BUT the Gold Rush lasted for 12 years and exploded the population of the area. By 1850 the population of Calif. reached 100,000. The residents applied for admission as a FREE STATE.This would make California the 31st state and offset the balance in the Senate between North and South. The South would not agree to this arrangement. Henry Clay was called upon to make another Compromise. He attempted to write a document that would resolve the issue of slavery for all time. California would be admit ted as a free state. The slave trade (not slavery) would be eliminated in DC. A stronger fugitive slave Law would be passed to make it easier for slave owners to get run away slaves back. New Mexico and Utah would be organized as territories, with no mention of slavery.The Compromise did not pass- Calhoun would not tolerate the admission of California without slavery, Northerners would not agree to stronger momentary knuckle down Laws, and President Taylor shocked his mate Southerners by insisting that California be admitted as a free state with NO COMPROMISE. Taylor threaten to veto the Compromise if the House and Senate passed it. Summer of 1850 Taylor died and Millard Fillmore became President. He wanted to compromise. Senator Stephen Douglas from Ill. guided the Compromise of 1850 through Congress by actually making it both separate bills. One brought in Calif. s a free state and the other gave a stronger fugitive slave code. MANY STATES RIGHTS SUPPORTERS SAW THE SLAVE/FR EE counterbalance IN CONGESS SHIFTING FURTHER NORTHWARD. 6. THE ELECTION OF 1852- The Barnburners returned to the party and the Democrats nominated little known Franklin Pierce from New Hampshire- leaving the Wilmot Proviso behind them. The Whigs split totally in 1852 The Northern faction supported Winfield Scott, the Southern faction supported Millard Fillmore as a compromise candidate. There was a deadlock after 52 ballots- 96% of Scotts votes were from free states and 85% of Fillmores from slave states.On the 53rd ballot Scott won the nomination. The Free Soilers nominated John P. Hale opposing the Compromise of 1850 and the extension of slavery. The Whigs had split to the point that the party was declared dead by its leaders. In 1853 the Democrats controlled every Southern State and the Whigs elected only 14 of the 65 congressmen from those states. The intersection two party system was on the verge of death. 7. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS- The Fugitive Slave Law created resentment amon g the Abolitionists and made slavery more emotional and personalized to many.Actually the Constitution in Article IV, Section 2 stated that any person held in service or labor in one state who ran away to another state shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor shall be due. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 permitted slaves owners to find oneself slaves who escaped to other states. The escaped slaves had no rights- no right to a trial, no right to testify, and no guarantee of habeas corpus (the legal requirement that a person be brought before a judicatory and not be imprison houseed illegally).But by the 1830 and 1840s thousand of slaves were escaping and were being aided by the Underground Railroad. whitened Southerners free-base the laws too weak to overcome the resistance of the North to return the slaves. Many northern abolitionists actually aided the blacks escape and hid them if the law was known to be coming. Several Northern states had per sonal liberty laws that made it illegal for state law enforcement officials to help capture laughers. This was passed too. A US sovereign Court decision in 1842- Pigg v Pennsylvania- involved a slave owner who forcibly carried his runaway slave back home to Maryland from Penn.He was convicted in Penn. on a kidnapping give The Supreme Court overturned the ruling and called the Penn. Law Unconstitutional. THE COURT ALSO RULED THAT THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE FUGITIVE SLAVE CLAUSE OF THE CONSTITUTION WAS A federal official RESPONSIBILITY. This caused many states to start passing the personal liberty laws and evoke the South to ask for stricter control. Local black vigilante military commissions were formed including the League of Freedom in capital of Massachusetts and the Liberty Association in Chicago. These actions made the South ask for harsher laws.The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was one of the harshest measures EVER passed by the US Congress. Required US marshals, deputies, and ord inary citizens to help seize runaway slaves. Those who refused or helped the runaways could be fined or imprisoned. Slave owners only had to provide legal documentation from their home state OR the testimony of white witnesses before a federal commissioner that the captive was a runaway. It was nearly impossible for a black to prove that they were legally free. Federal commissioners were paid $10 for captives returned to bondage, but only $5. f they were found to be legally free. The commissioner could deputize any citizen to aid in the capture of the runaways, and stiff fines were imposed for those that did not help. Many Northerners vowed CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE. During the time the law was in effect 332 captives were returned to slavery and 11 were released as free people. FUGITIVE SLAVES- Southern laws stipulated that the status of the mother determined a childs legal status- free or slave. Some states abided by the new Law without question. Others did not. A Maryland slave owner tri ed to regain a black woman in Phila.Who he claimed had escaped 22 years before. Since then she had 6 children, and he said they all belonged to him. Case went before a federal commissioner who ruled that they were all free. SHADRACH- 1851- Federal marshals captured a black fugitive in Boston label Shadrach. A host of blacks stormed the courthouse and freed the slave and got him to Canada via the Underground Railroad. Federal authorities brought charges against 4 blacks and 4 whites that helped in the escape under the Fugitive Slave Act. LOCAL JURIES REFUSED TO CONVICT THEM. Sept 1851 Christiana, Pennsylvania was the scene of a little battle.Three replacement marshals appeared with a family of slave owners to recover 2 runaways from Maryland. A hostile crowd of about 25 blacks and several whites met them. One slave owner was killed and several from both sides were wounded. The runaways escaped to Canada. President Fillmore sent US Marines to Penna. to round up the members of the insurrection. 36 blacks and 5 whites were arrested and indicted for treason by a federal grand jury. The governments case was weak, and after an acquittal in the first case, the remaining cases were dropped.ANTHONY BURNS- 1854 Burns escaped from Virginia by stowing away on a ship and landed in Boston. Burns sent his enslaved chum salmon a letter, which was intercepted and Burns was captured. Marshals put him under guard in chains in the federal courthouse. Abolitionists tried to break in but could not, even though a deputy marshal was killed. President Franklin Pierce, a northern Democrat, sent federal troops to Boston to return Burns to Virginia. The vigilance committee tried to buy Burns freedom but the US Attorney refused. June 1854 thousands of Bostonians lined the street on the way to the ship that Burns was being marched to.Church bells rang, buildings and on lookers were draped in black. William Lloyd station held a ceremony on July 4 in which he burned a copy of the reso lution of Independence as many looked on. A federal grand jury indicted 7 men for inciting a riot to free Burns, but no Boston jury would convict and of the men. MARGARET GARNER- Winter of 1856 Margaret Garner and 7 other slaves escaped from Kentucky across the Ohio River into Cincinnati. Their owner, Archibald Grimes pursued them along with a deputy and a posse. They cornered the eighter in a small house, but they fought back Finally they were subdued.Before they could be captured Garner scar her daughters throat rather than have her go back to slavery. She tired to kill her two sons but was disarmed. Ohio authorities charged her with murder. By then she had returned to Kentucky and was sent with her three surviving children to Arkansas to be sold. On the journey her youngest child and 24 others drowned in a shipwreck. She was later sold at a slave market in New Orleans. Toni Morrison transformed her story into the book BELOVED. 8. THE ROCHESTER CONVENTION- 1853 Black leaders me t in Rochester, NY in 1853 for a national convention.They warned that black Americans were not ready to concede to the government policy that put more emphasis on the interest of slaveholders than people seeking freedom. They called for greater unity among the blacks and a means to find ways to improve their economic prospects. They asserted their claims to the rights of citizenship and equal protection before the law. They overly express fear that the new wave of European immigrants would deprive poor black Northerners of their jobs. FOR THE FIRST TIME BLACK LEADERS, INCLUDING FREDERICK DOUGLASS SPOKE OF THE NEED FOR A SCHOOL TO PROVIDE TRAINING IN SKILLED TRADES AND MANUAL ARTS.They even spoke of founding a Negro museum and library. NATIVISM- White Protestants picked up the fear of more Immigrants as well, with a major movement beginning against Roman Catholics from Ireland and Germany. Some feared there was a Catholic conspiracy to take over the nation. Led to the formation of the KNOW NOTHINGS in 1854- to protect traditional American values from the dangers of immigration- The names comes from the reply members were instructed to give when asked about the party- I KNOW NOTHINGBy 1856 there were over 1 million members in the Party, mainly in New England, Kentucky and Texas. UNCLE TOMS CABIN- Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852- originally published in installments in an anti-slavery newspaper. Stowe was raised in a religious environment and actual a hatred of slavery. In the novel she depicts the cruelty, inhumanity and destructive impact on families by slavery. It locomote Northerners to tears and made slavery more personal to readers who never considered it as a way of life.White Southerners called it a false depiction of slavery. But Stowe later published A Key to Uncle Toms Cabin in which she cited the sources for her novel, many of which were southern newspapers. ABLEMAN V BOOTH-1859- The personal liberty laws continued to violate federal laws . This case arose when a Wisconsin abolitionist named Sherman Booth was convicted by a federal court and sent to prison for leading a raid in 1854 that had freed a fugitive. The Wisconsin Supreme Court had ruled the Fugitive Slave Law as unconstitutional and ordered Booths release.Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that the Fugitive Slave law was constitutional AND ANY STATE INTERFERING WITH ITS ENFORCEMENT WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL. Booth went back to prison. THE SUPREMACY OF FEDERAL LAW WAS UPHELD- This case was a complete REVERSAL of the traditional values of the North favoring federal victory and the South pushing for states rights. 9. OTHER ATTEMPTS- While many states had been passing personal liberty laws in the 1850s, some were adopting harsher black laws to restrict free blacksmainly the lower Northern states and the West.Indiana adopted a provision in its 1851 Constitution that prohibited the migration of free blacks into the state. Blacks could not vote there, nor serve on jurie s or in the army, nor testify against whites, nor marry whites, nor go to school with whites. Iowa and Illinois had similar laws and also banned black immigration in 1851 and 1853. When Oregon was admitted to the union in 1859 she adopted a whole range of black laws, even though black migration to that state was remote. California, 10 years earlier, had not banned black migration since she feared it would delay the process of statehood, but Calif. id adopt a large range of discriminatory laws. SO, EVEN IN THE FREE STATES, THERE WAS AN ANTI-BLACK SENTIMENT. simply New England states, except Connecticut, had allowed blacks to vote equally with the whites prior to the Civil War. Attempts to institute this in other northern states FAILED in the 1850s. Racism was so strong in the North that no party could win if it endorsed teeming racial equality. REMEMBER Abolitionists and Free Soilers could hate slavery and have sympathy for fugitive slaves, BUT they could also be very prejudiced an d have a commitment to RACISM.