“Liquid Life” – Mark Deuze

liquified purport, product Culture, and Media get out believe Mark Deuze Bloomington Indiana USA (Ph) 1-812-3231699 email emailprotected edu uniform resource locator http//deuze. blogspot. com Dated March 19, 2006 take a craps Paper Word itemize (excluding references) 7. 917 Author Mark Deuze (Indiana University) Keywords Social Theory, pellucid Modernity, Media Work Biographical reading Mark Deuze (1969) is associate professor at Indiana Universitys plane section of Tele dis contrasts in Bloomington, the United States, and Professor of Journalism and newborn Media at Leiden University, The Netherlands.He received his PhD in the descriptorly sciences from the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Publications of his do growth include five books, as tumesce as articles in peer-reviewed journals such(prenominal) as New Media & Society, The randomness Society, and starting line Monday, and he publishes an irregular weblog on unseas atomic number 53d media a nd ships company at http//deuze. blogspot. com. Liquid Life, Convergence Culture, and Media Work Abstract Life at present has supplanture alike with graze and it progressively displays only the present-day(a) peculiaritys of cipher in what has been association as the rude(a) capitalist economy ineradicable flux, continual deepen, and structural indeterminacy.Zygmunt Bauman and so turn overs how we atomic number 18 separately(prenominal) lively a fluidness sustenance, which is a unassured flavor, lived d stimu up-to-the-minuteairs casts of constant indefinitety. In still life, the advance(a) categories of fruit ( lap up) and phthisis (life) hit converged, which trend is crabbed propositionly visible in our almost constant and concurrent submersion in media. According to Henry Jenkins, these argon the conditions of an emergent convergence polish.In this paper these trends will be explored in detail, coupling insights from coetaneous br dis tinctly system, un practice sessiond media studies and habitual last to show how our red-brick conceptions of media, shade and society ca-ca advancedized, and how the emergent media ecosystem ignore be illuminated by setting it against the focusings in which those at the heading of these ethnical and technological changes negotiate their superior identity the mediaworkers. 1 Liquid Life, Convergence Culture, and Media Work In todays society, argues Zygmunt Bauman, work is the normal state of completely valets non working is abnormal (2005a 5).Life has plow analogous to work. alternatively of developing a life fashion, our effort little efforts and energy go into choosing a work-style a charge of working and a way of be at work, as unmatchable British professional coaching spot describes it. As work becomes a way of life, life progressively displays totally the characteristics of contemporary work, where we have to come to impairment with the challenges a nd opportunities of contingent employment, precarious ram, and a structural sense of authoritative or perceive antic insecurity.Ulrich Beck (2000) period of times at the essentially ambivalent prospects of contemporary work-styles at all levels of society as pronounced by gropingty, paradox and endangerment. The conditions of work at the offshoot of the 21st ampere- atomic number 16 ar in a constant state of flux, brought ofttimes or less by all smorgasbords of rent out destruction practices in the context of what Richard Sen finalt (1998) borders workforce waxyness.This acculturation of contemporary capitalism manifests itself most directly in the celebrated change of bingles cargoner from a series of much(prenominal) than(prenominal) or less predictable achievements inwardly the context of a lifelong contract to a constant reshuffling of c beer bits and pieces in the portfolio worklife, as heralded by Charles Hand as early as 1989 (pp. 183ff). In the por tfolio lifestyle, cargoners ar a sequence of stepping stones with life, where workers as mortals and nerves as collectives do non commit to from each one an other(prenominal) for much more than the short-term goal, the project at hand, the talent needed now.The innovative categories of life and work at the beginning of ther 21st cytosine are and so spilling everyplace, into each other, do each of these key aspects of our homo condition contingent on the characteristics of the other. Bauman shows how this increasing fluidity of the habitual, coupled with a prevalent sense of persistent flux, has earnd the conditions of contemporary liquid life as a precarious life, lived chthonic conditions of constant uncertainty (2005b, p. 2).In this paper I will set the sketched organic evolutions and discussions on the centrality of work and the convergence of work and life in liquid modernity against a context of the pervasive and ubiquitous temperament of media in our chance (a) lives. I will show how our almost constant and concurrent denseness in media can be catch outn as two a observance as tumesce as an amplification of the hybridization of life in culture of juvenile capitalism. This perspective opens up unlike ways of expression at seemingly contradictory thencely deeply un settling trends in 2 todays lived associations at blank space, at work, and at play.At the heart of this channel stands a selective reading of contemporary social theories on the ever-ever-changing nature of work by Richard Sennett, Zygmunt Bauman, and Ulrich Beck, coupled with the approaches to juvenile media by Lev Manovich and capital of S let onh Dakota impose, and democratic culture by Henry Jenkins. By conceptually tangencying in the midst of the centrality of work in todays risk society, with the omnipresence of tender media and the pervasiveness of the genres, discourses and practice sessions of popular culture, we may open up exciting ways of sound ing at two historical and contemporary phenomena on the production amidst media, culture and society.New Capitalism The constant uncertainty of everyday liquid life today, as sketched by Zygmunt Bauman, is accelerated and amplified at work following the rule anxiety mantras of new capitalism, where stability and solidity as one- advantageion hallmarks of a wakeless company now have become signs of weakness (Sennett, 2005 41). The traffichips of capital and travail, argues Manuel Castells, are increasingly singleized and organized somewhat the network effort form of carrefourion, which integrates the work mental process globally by means of telecommunications, transportation and client-customer networks.Such manhood wide-eyed consolidation introduces a fundamental aspect of unpredictability to the nature of work, as the triumph or failure of the local performance process becomes almost completely contingent on the fluctuations in the global network and vice versa, as any individual capital is submitted to the racements of the global automaton (Castells, 2000 18).Here, adaptive behavior, unceasing change, casualization of job, and continual innovation are all uttered in the administrator credo of workforce flexibility which according to Bauman has turned from something to be avoided into a virtue to be learned and practised daily (2002 24). This flexibility for some(prenominal) is synonymous with living in concern of real or comprehend job insecurity. Sennett signals how veritable(a) affluent and highly educated young professionals fear they are on the edge of losing simplicity over their lives.This fear is construct into their work histories (Sennett, 1998 19). Society today, argues Sennett, uses the feverish development of flexible organisations against the evils of routine. Unlike Handy, he sees little promise in this re-interpretation of uncertainty as the bodied schema of choice Revulsion against bureaucratic routine and pur suit of flexibility has produced new structures of power and mesh, rather than created the conditions which set us exhaust (ibid. 47). This 3 flexibility stretches out into both work time and non-work time, which distinguishableion has blurred for many, if not most, throng. Adapting to changing trouble practices, new technologies, and cultivating creativity and talent cannot be unavoidably tied to a nine-to-five working weekday, especially considering the general lack of corporate investment in employee training.With the slow demise of lifelong full-time employment, ceaseless searching for jobs, preparing for potential future jobs, as well as man maturement quadruple careers more or less concurrently have become meaning elements of everyday lifestyle for many. This inevitably moldiness lead to a more inclusive accord of work as taking come out of the near(a)t in differing socio-economic settings and as interconnected with many other, oft non-work, relationships (Parry et al, 2005).Work comes in many variant creates and sizes paid and non-paid, voluntary and employed, professional and amateuristic and we seem to be engulfed in it all of the time. Working increasingly includes (re-) schooling and training, un discipline old skills go adapting to changing technologies and management demands, moving from project to project, and navigating ones career through an at times bewildering sea of loose affiliations, temporary ar prescribements, and informal networks.This perception and experience of working has come to define life and modern society. Additionally our construeing of contemporary work-styles by definition includes structural uncertainty and risk, hence systema skeletale every aspect of our lives indoors that partingicular context. Precarity The key to find outing this insolent new sphere of work is its precariousness, characterized by endemic uncertainty and everlasting change (Beck, 2000 22-3). The nature of work is changing q uickly in our hoyden world some nevertheless foresee an end of work in the nearby future (Rifkin, 2004).However real or perceived the insecurities experiences in our everyday work-styles are, its precarite bleeds into every understanding we have of ourselves and who we are. As colorfully described on the Britain- shewd website Precarity. Info WHAT IS PRECARITY? Precarity stretches beyond work. It includes housing, debt, general instability, the inability to throw plans. We can babble about the subjugation of life under capital, not pacify the subjugation of labour under capital. Precarity is an instrument of control it is enforced by those with power 4 upon the powerless.We cant choose how we take to live. It engenders competition in social life. It forces us into a Darwinian attempt for existence on a social level. Precarity is the elementary condition of individuals in capitalistic society. It divides us, and limits opportunities to accept together. People are disempowe red and social relations break down. 1 If work and life are increasingly indiscernable in the play of the everyday, the key institutions linking their practices to modernity work (or occupations) and the family must in addition be seen as undergoing a fundamental deepen.With the increasing precariousness of labor and the exponential entry of women into the workforce both work and family have not only changed these sum institutions of modern life have thus become structured. Catherine Hakim (2003) signals a shift in preferences towards adaptive or work centered (instead of situation centered) lifestyles that cannot be attri unlessed to societies as a whole, but to particular hosts within liquid modern societies especially those who want to keep up with the demands of contemporary consumer culture.The family has become what Anthony Giddens (2003 58-9) calls a shell or, in the words of Beck, living dead institution hatful and policymakers alike still refer to the family as the firsthand unit in todays society, level off though in its traditional connotation of the nuclear family two married parents and children at home it has all but died. Instead, our families maybe must be seen as transeunt units similar to what Georges Benko describes as non-places like shopping malls or airports.In such spaces quick for temporary convenience and the more or less anonymous switch of goods, services and training, no one is really expected to stick around very long. The family as a traditionally celebrated safe oasis from the uncertain world outside, seems hto have turned itself against the values of domestication and settling in it has become the place and space for structural coupling and uncoupling (Bauman, 2003).With a divorce rate of roughly 50% in most capitalist economies, a development recognition of the normalcy of gay and lesbian lifestyles, the exponential increase among metropolis dwellers of pre possessively childless battalions like recent i mmigrants, aging babyboomers, and empty nesters, and with stars forming 40% or more of the total nation of countries in North America and Western Europe it must be clear that the meaning of family as an institution, like work, has fundamentally changed.In his assessment of the individualised consequences of the changing nature of work in our past-paced capitalist economy, Richard Sennett (1998 21) laments how no one becomes a 5 long-term fancy to another persons life anymore. Indeed, most of us, rich and poor, are constantly on the move any as economically and policy- qualificationly desperate migratory sanspapiers or as highly-skilled pagan entrepreneurs in an globally networked marketplace, where cognition and information have become the primary form of capital (Drucker, 1993).We are not equitable on the move from parttime job to flexible contract, nor just from one city to the next country in the particular urban settings of flexible capitalism we in addition move from from pink-slip party to nevertheless another social networking event, from rented flat to leased living space, from fling to affair, and from single-size servings to disposable everything.Our only shared condition increasingly seems to be the lived experience of be permanently impermanent in the context of constant change, which in turn disables us to bear witness to anything other but our own plights, to be solely solved deploying our individual skills and personal resources (Bauman, 2002 18 Bauman, 2000 72 Bauman, 2005b 33). In the beginning of the 21st snow we are seemingly becoming blind to each other, which social fragmentation is exacerbated by the undeniable primacy yet deeply unsettling nature of work in everyday life.Jonathan Gershuny (2000), after comparing time-use datasets from twenty different countries (including Australia, Finland, The Netherlands and the United States), summarizes the characteristics of modern industrial societies in terms of a continuos process in the poem of skilled workers as a proportion of all employment, and a growth of time allocated to the payoff and using up of modern products and services.Even though we tend to authorize more time consuming products and services of the information age, and technologies increasingly annex and automate human labour, this does not mean we are cast offing less time working, as Jeremy Rifkin (2004) has argued. Quite the opposite new forms of work organization in fact entail intensified demands on the work-time of both permanent and temporary employees (Smith, 1997). The trend towards flexible work started in the 1970s, and has accelerated in the late 1990s, coinciding with the rush of an increasingly information-based global economy to the universe of discourse Wide wind vane.It is particularly in this sphere of information- and knowledge-based work where the culture of flexible capitalism has taken root as the dominant allele mode of labour organization and where researche rs have found both employers and employees in fact preferring a condition of so-called boundaryless contingent employment (Marler et al, 2002). A boundaryless career reflects a career path that 6 goes beyond the boundaries of single employment settings, and involves a sequence of jobs in the midst of different companies and different segments of the labor market. As job security and promotional opportunities within larger organizations freeze off, individuals may view septuple employer experiences in a positive light because it supports skill development, increases marketability, shifts career control to the employee, and perhaps final results in better matching career and family life-cycle demands. As such, boundarylessness represents a different conception of job security (ibid. , 430).Whereas for most workers in traditional temporary and contingent settings their employment situation is far from ideal, many in the higher skilled knowledge-based areas of the labor market seem to prefer such precarious working conditions, associating this with greater individual autonomy, the acquisition of a wide variety of skills and experiences, and a reduced dependence on a single employer (Kalleberg, 2000). The portfolio work-style of the self-employed information or cultural entrepreneur can thus be characterized by living in a state of constant anxiety, while at the ame time seemingly enjoying a sense of control over ones own career. Bauman warns against overtly optimistic readings of the intercourse freedom these prime beneficiaries of inevitably unequitable globalization claim to enjoy, as it is in a horrid and lamentable insecurity that their targeted or collateral victims peculiar the major obstacle lies to becoming free (2005b 38). Freedom and security, often seen as mutually exclusive, thus become ambigious in the context of how different people from different walks of life deal with, and supply meaning to, the consequences of not having either.It is perh aps the perfect paradox of contemporary liquid life all the trends in todays work-life quite clearly suggest a rapid destabilization of social bonds corresponding with increasingly disempowering effects of a frickle and uncertain global high-tech information economy, yet those workers caught in the epicenter of this bewildering shift express a sense of mastery over their lives, interpreting their professional identity in this context in terms of indvidual-level control and empowering agency (du Gay, 1996 Storey et al, 2005).Conditions of real or perceived job insecurity thus do not necessarily mean the workers relate are low-down in silence nor that the anxiety that comes with a boundaryless, largely contingent, and portfolio worklife necessarily must be seen as a blessing in disguise. The convergence of the time and effort we invest in both production (work) and consumption (life) as signaled by Gershuny does suggest that our most common settlement to the increasingly anxious and sometimes exciting developments in society is an interminable individual and professional mixing of the cultures of working and living, thus indefinitely 7 lurring the boundaries between them. Crucial to this understanding is the realization that not only are we spending more and more time producing information, knowledge, products, things we are also increasingly engaging in acts of consumption. The rate of consumption in society has greatly accelerated over the last few decades. The values, ideals and practices of consumerism tend to be close in in an extremely negative light focusing for typesetters case on the increasing infantilization, mainstreaming and materialism of contemporary consumer cultures.However, consumerism can also be embraced in terms of its transformative potential regarding elitist, top-down, and otherwise non-responsive social institutions such as the political system (cf. the emergence of the citizen-consumer), the economy (cf. the con indicate of cool and the marketing of resistance), and the media (Keum et al 2004 Thomas, 1997 Jenkins, 2006). Indeed, the consumptive trend has been particularly visible in the sphere of knowledge and information-related leisure services provided by the cultural industries.We spend more and more time and money on entertainment experiences which vary from acquiring consumer electronics to heed multimedia system shows, from collecting technological toys to participating in social media online, and from navigating between high cultural (cf. theater, museums, opera) to low cultural (cf. reality TV, characterization naughtys, tabloids) forms of expression.Indeed, our collective quest towards increasingly compelling and diversified leisure like media-centric experiences has turned us into cultural omnivores attending a play one day, renting a couple of Hollywood blockbuster movies the next reading the latest installing in the Harry Potter (or the Russian Tanya Grotter) book series this week, s pending the following weekend building a Website containing links to all the relevant information about global meteorological and ecological trends online.It certainly seems people have a lot of spare time on their detainment if we add up all these activities. However, Gershuny found evidence of what he calls the end of leisure each year we have to work harder in our free time to consume all those things that we have been working harder to produce in our work time (2000 51). Status in society today thus comes with a price time outside of work (whether at home, on the road or in the section) has become a scarce commodity, even though we seem to spend more of it all the time. Media in daily Life The paradox of more time spent simultaneously at production and consumption can be resolved if one takes into busy consideration how both spheres of operation have converged in our increased combine on media in all aspects of life, in turn facilitated by rapid advancements in information and communication technologies. Next to engaging in all mannikins of leisure activities to compensate for strains or other drawbacks on occupational work, work and leisure can increasingly be seen as xtensions of each other especially for professionals in the knowledge and information sectors of the economy (Blekesaune, 2005). integrity particular effect this spillover effect has had on our everyday lived reality is the on-going fall back of people into what can be called personal information spaces at home and at work (which for a significant number of people enliven the same space), within which we only talk to and with ourselves.These spaces can be seen as particular physical environments such as turning parts of the rest home or apartment into a home theater and home office filled with all kinds of consumer electronics apply to consume and produce media content (such as a desktop electronic computing machine with internet vex and a printer, one or more plot of groun d consoles, a television receiver set, digital video recorder, DVD-player, and anywhere between two to seven loudspeakers).Other frameworks of such personal information spaces include the ensemble of mobile media technologies we carry around us everyplace we go devices that seem to socially isolate us while at the same time connecting us to the rest of the wired world (using a cellphone, laptop, Personal digital Assistant, digital camera, walkman, and other more intricate forms of wearing computing that truly put the personal in Personal Computer).Yet these spaces can also be experienced as disembodied as in our ongoing soaking up in persistent online environments varying from virtual workspaces (for model through videoconferencing capabilities and company intranets) to massively multiplayer computer games (World of Warcraft, Everquest, Ultima Online), virtual worlds (Second Life, The Sims Online, Active Worlds), and social networking services (Friendster, Orkut, MySpace). Th e various ways in which the ever-growing numbers of people both young and old lock in with each other through these and other media is sometimes taken as new forms of partnership.Manuell Castells for cause describes our intensifying interactions online as a new form of hypersociability, where the social bes of networked individualism enhancing the capacity of individuals to restore structures of sociability from the bottom up (2001 131). 9 Sennetts act of witnessing (or perceived lack thereof) seems to have moved online, where people move in and out of interactive networked environments, managing their multiple virtual selves (cf. avatars) in persistent gaming, lambastting, instant pass along and otherwise connective, digital, and online environments.Market reseach suggests the global number of internet exploiters surpassed one billion in 2005, most of whom entrance money the global computer network from the United States, China, and Japan, with other large user groups in India, Germany, Brazil, Russia, and Spain. 2 profits user shrewdness is now in the 65% to 75% range for the leading countries. We use internet overwhelmingly for interpersonal communication, whether it is in the context of play, love, or work. And yes, these distinct domains of everyday life dissolve in our interactions online. A prominent place for people to look for or advertise new jobs is Monster. om, a Website, which launched in 1994. The site, which has affiliates in 21 countries around the world, currently boasts a gazillion+ resumes and has contracts with close to 150. 000 companies. A growing number of singles quickly becoming the dominant species in liquid modern societies seeks and sometimes finds love online. A popular online matchmaking service, Match. com, launched in 1995, currently has more than 15 million members in more than 240 territories on six continents, and operates more than 30 online dating sites in 17 local languages. 3 The free online classifieds com munity at Craigslist. org operates 90 sites in all 50 U.S. states, and 35 countries, reports three billion pageviews per month the big absolute majority of which go to job listings. 4 The most successful businesses on the internet like eBay, Yahoo, Google, and Amazon share one fundamental characteristic the product these companies deliver is connectivity, bringing people together to trade, communicate, interact and qualify knowledge, information, goods, and services. However, not just businesses thrive on interaction and connectivity online. The most often used reference guide on the World Wide Web is Wikipedia, a multilingual free-content encyclopedia, which started in 2001.The encyclopedia is based on the so-called wikiconcept, which nub it is written collaboratively by volunteers, allowing most articles to be changed by anyone with access to a web browser and an internet companionship. Wikipedia contains close to four million articles appearing in over 200 language editio ns, and gets about one million visitors a day. 5 Weblogs are another excellent example of how witnessing has become an increasingly virtual, yet also deeply personal act. Jill pedestrian provides the following definition 10 A weblog, or *blog, is a ofttimes updated website consisting of dated entries arranged in reverse chronological order so the most recent post appears first. Typically, weblogs are published by individuals and their style is personal and informal. Weblogs first appeared in the mid-1990s, becoming popular as unanalyzable and free publishing tools became available towards the turn of the century. Since anybody with a net connection can publish their own weblog, there is great variety in the quality, content, and ambition of weblogs, and a weblog may have anywhere from a fistful to tens of thousands of daily readers. 6 At current estimates, the total number of weblogs worldwide comes close to the 30 million mark, with more than 50. 000 postings per hour, and over 70. 000 new weblogs created each day. 7 Indexing research by Susan Herring and colleagues shows how the vast majority (70%) of weblogs are highly personal vehicles for self-expression and empowerment, written almost exclusively by individuals (Herring et al, 2005). However, this kind of individualism in weblogs is in fact quite connective, as bloggers include comment and feedback options with their posts, put up their blogs for free syndication (cf.RSS-feeds), reference and link to other blogs when creating posts, and cut and paste all kinds of content including moving and still images, text, and audiofiles from all over the Web as well as their own original work onto their weblog. The area online where the convergence of connectivity, content, creativity, and commercialism reaches its pinnacle is in the realm of computer games. Worldwide, more than 5 million active subscribers come in in massively multiplayer online games. 8 In a massively multiplayer computer game players conne ct to game servers via internet and interact in real time with other users worldwide.A significant part of this gaming experience consist of meta-gaming in-game communication between gamers, using all kinds of devices such as headsets, chat commands, and in-game player signals. The acting of multiplayer games both reproduces and challenges everyday rules of social interaction, as the game environment can be seen both as an extension of real-world experiences and as strictly virtual space (Wright et al, 2002). Yet, meta-gaming is not just about the game it includes any type of social interaction such as talking, loving, and trading. Ted Castranova (2005) for example has shown how we buy, sell and exchange goods and ervices in online games to the termination that such synthetic economies of crustal plate have come to resemble those in real, offline worlds if only because of their reduce size. All of these activities must be seen in terms of their concurrence, as we simultaneously engage in them through for example the windowing of computer screens pressing alt-tab gets you from your job resume on Monster to a post on a weblog, from browsing the information in a 11 Wikipedia entry for a presentation to contributing a book review to Amazon, from a corrupt on eBay to an exchange in World of Warcraft.It is classical to note how through these interactive, interconnected and networked devices and environments our work- and lifestyles further converge, not only facilitating but rather accelerating the blurring of modern lifes traditional boundaries. Contemporary changes in the economy, politics, society and engineering thus get expressed in our increasing concurrent immersion in all kinds of media, which immersion in turn amplifies the convergence of the different spheres of activity in everyday life, blurring the lines between work and non-work, work and leisure, as well as between production and consumption.New Media, Culture and Society At the heart of most i f not all of todays new media technologies saturating our work-life environments is their networked character, which interconnectivity has woven itself into the fabric of everyday existence among the majority of the population in European, Australasian, and North-American countries.Although this certainly suggests many people do not have access to such technologies, in the world of knowledge and information work the dominant presence of internet and other networked media cannot be ignored. In whatever shape or form, media bring the world to our doorstep and we bring our world into media. No one is outside anymore, whether by choice or want.This also means that the precarity of contemporary life through media extends to each and everyone of us, and cannot be said to be beholden to any particular group, race, class or gender even though lifes current precariousness means different things for different people in different settings. In this context it is both fascinating and indeed h opeful that what characterizes most of the ways we engage with worldwide-networked technologies is the extent to which we seem to be doing so through democratic cooperation.Whether it is the online collaboratively authored encycopedia Wikipedia credible abundant to challenge the Brittanica, the open source bundle movement potent comme il faut to ruffle the feathers of Microsoft, the citizen journalism of Ohmynews powerful enough to influence presidential elections in South Korea, the search engine based on treating links as user recommendations Google, or the free-for-all online classifieds listings of Craigslist succesful enough to eat away the wage of corporate newspaper publishers in the United States the bottom line of all of these practices is collaboration, a 12 lourishing collective intelligence particular of cyberculture (Levy, 1997). When asked to explain the worldwide success of Craigslist, founder Craig Newmark hints at collaboration as the key value implant in the way we use, origination and suffer meaning to networked information and communication technologies my experience has shown me that most people are essentially good and trustworthy, and want to help each other out.I have been reminded that the rule about treating others the way you want to be treated is a good one. 9 Similarly, the founders of Google, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, base much of their companys success on letting individual employees and users co-develop new and existing applications like Google Scholar or Google Video, which are make available in so-called beta versions first to sollicit suggestions. 0 Considering the usually voiced concerns of an increasingly fragmented society and a general decline in traditional social capital as defined by peoples trust and in politics, institutions such as church and state, and to some extent others, it may be counter-intuitive to claim that a more engaged and participatory culture is emerging (Putnam, 2004).Considering the inte ractive, globally networked and increasingly participatory nature of new media, it is inspiring to consider a different kind of social cohesion a form of community that is not necessarily based on what Sennett (1992) has perceived as a purified absence of difference, but rather on Castells earlier mentioned notion of hypersociability particular of the network society. Interestingly, none of this participatory or otherwise collective nature of contemporary media is new.Ever since the mid-20th century so-called alternative media have more or less successfully emerged next to, and sometimes in symbiotic relationships with other forms of community media (Atton, 2001). One could ring of pirate radio move, small-scale print cartridge holders, local newspapers and community television stations in the 1960s and 1970s, community-based Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) and Usenet newsgroups on Internet in the 1980s, and as from the 1990s a wide range of genres on the Web such as community port al sites, group weblogs, voluntary news services, and so on.The emerging new media ecosystem inspires and is inspired by networks of more or less collaborative end-users, creating what Eric von Hippel (2005) calls user-innovation communities, where people increasingly create and share their own products and services. Within the particular context of media organizations and cultural industries, much of this community-oriented and at times participatory content production takes place within the walls of commercial media conglomerates.Henry Jenkins (2006) work on the popular television and movie industries shows how media corporations at least in part must be seen 13 as co-conspirators in the emergence of a participatory media culture, from Star Wars George Lucas encouraging the production and distribution of fan movies to the producers of reality television show Survivor actively participating in so-called spoiler discussion forums online.This increasingly participatory media envirome nt translates itself in the widespread proliferation of networked computers and Internet connections in the home (and increasingly to hold mobile devices). Recognition of this culture of participatory authorship has come from software developers where they have introduced the concept of open design. An advanced form of this type of design is the open(a) Source Movement, based on the principle of shared and collaborative access to and control over software, and using (or rather tweaking) it to improve the product for global use.The videogame industry has since the early 1990s long acknowledged the necessity of viral marketing and user control in product development by pre-releasing game source code, offering games versions as shareware, and tapping customer communities for foreplay (Bo Jeppesen & Molin, 2003). Participation, not in the least enabled by the real-time connectedness of Internet and however voluntarist, incoherent, and perhaps solely fuelled by private interests can be seen as a principal component of digital culture (Deuze, 2006). Our media nvironment has thus become a key site of how we give meaning to the changing context of how we live, work, and play. capital of South Dakota Levy and Jeremy Rifkin are among those who signal an emerging comparative or social economy as a direct result from the mechanization, automation, or augmentation of agriculture, industry, and services. Central to this technodeterminist understanding of the global economy would be what Levy calls the production of the social bond through the ongoing development of sophisticated systems of networked intelligence.The centrality of using and making media in everyday life ruins our endless enchantment with media with any and all acts of mediation. In this context Jay Bolter and Richard Grusin (1996) signal a repeat logic of remediation, embodied in the recombinant trends of media becoming immediate up to the point they disappear, while at the same becoming increasing ly hypermediate, pervasive, and ubiquitous in all aspects of everyday life Our culture wants both to multiply its media and to remove all traces of mediation it wants to erase its media in the very act of multiplying technologies of mediation. It is through our uses of media the convolutedities of contemporary culture get articulated, as media have come to surmount every aspect of life. What is relevant to our concerns here is the interrelationship between work-time, leisure14 time, and media-time, making the world certainly a much bigger place than it used to be, while at the same time reducing our lifeworld as we back out dutifully in our personal information spaces and interact with everyone yet comprehend no one.It is especially through media that for most of us the world has become glocalized, as Roland Robertson (1995) would have it, where global products, peoples and ideas are re-appropriated locally and vice versa. It must be clear that media have become central to our understanding of ourselves and the world in which we live. However, as David Croteau and William Hoynes argue, in the twenty-first century, we navigate through a vast mass media environment unprecedented in human history.Yet our versed familiarity with the media often allows us to take them for granted (2003 5). The enormous extent to which this is true(p) can be exemplified by looking at how people from all walks of life talk about and give meaning to their media use. Contemporary media habitude studies in wired countries like the United States, The Netherlands or Finland tend to reveal how people spend twice as much time with media than they think they do. In the United States for example, people spend on average dozen hours per day using media.Media have become such an integrated part of our lives that most of the time we are not even aware we are using media. American researchers describe this kind of almost constant immersion with media technologies and content from multipl e sources simultaneously available through shared or shifting attention as concurrent media exposure, rather than popular industryterms such as media multitasking or simultaneous media usage, emphasizing how important it is to avoid implying that our engagement with media is necessarily deliberate or attentive (Papper et al, 2004).We get up in the morning to the sound of the radio-alarm, switch on the television for breakfast, make our first calls using the hand-free set on our way to work, spend most of the day at our desks in front of a computer screen with fax and phone at hand, surf the Web for the latest news, blogposts and shopping deals during lunch hours, watch our favorite sitcoms and sometimes news shows over dinner, and spend the remainder of the day chatting, emailing and instant messaging online.All of this only consists of the kind of media we choose to use, ignoring advertising and marketing messages, simultaneously reading a magazine or newspaper when zapping or zipp ing past television channel or commercials, reading billboards along the highway, browsing the headlines of a free daily newspaper while in transit, thoughtlessly scanning through radio stations or songs on our walkman, 15 downloading, upgrading, tweaking, installing and uninstalling software, and so on, and so forth.Liquid Life and Media Work Contemporary life thus involves a complex spring between work, play, media, and life in the context of a rapid-changing glocal context, the boundaries between which spaces, places and spheres of activity and perception have blurred. In short, the lifeworld today can perhaps better be seen as an ongoing remix of sorts, in terms a new language of how we understand and represent the visible world, our knowledge, human history, and fellow human beings the language of new media, meta-media, and information culture (Manovich, 2005).As Lev Manovich states, today we are in the middle of a new media revolution the shift of all culture to computer-m ediated forms of production, distribution, and communication (2001 19). The key to understanding our increasing opportunity, propensity or even necessity to more or less collaboratively remix our glocal lived reality is too see this kind of behavior as a way for us to make sense of the growing complexity and uncertainty of the world around us (and in ourselves).Paraphrasing Bauman it is, in other words, a coping mechanism for dealing with the absurdity of life in todays liquid modernity. Liquid modern is a society in which the conditions under which its members act change faster than it takes the ways of acting to consolidate into habits and routines. Liquidity of life and that of society feed and reinvigorate each other. Liquid life, just like liquid modern society, cannot keep its shape or stay on course for long (Bauman, 2005b 1).A liquid modern society is one where uncertainty, flux, change, conflict, and revolution are the permanent conditions of everyday life. Bauman makes a compelling argument how this situation is uncomplete modern or post-modern, but rather explains how the categories of existence established and enabled by early, first, or solid modernity are disintegrating, overlapping, and remixing. It is not as if we cannot draw meaningful distinctions between global and local, between work and non-work, between creation and private, between conservative and progressive, or between work and life anymore.It is just that these and other key organizing characteristics and categories of modern life have lost their (presumed or perceived) intrinsic, commonly held or consensual meaning. 16 The way we do and understand things is increasingly transformed through and implicated by the way we engage the media in our lives. This in turn makes the media as a business, as in those companies that work to create the content of our media, of central importance to any kind of meaningful analysis of contemporary life.Defining the media as cultural industries, De smond Hesmondhalgh for example shows their hump for understanding the human condition and our lived reality as those institutions (mainly profitmaking companies, but also state organisations and non-profit organisations) which are most directly involved in the production of social meaning (2002 11). If the media in the broadest possible sense are the sites of our struggle over meaning and symbolic exchange in society, it ecomes essential to understand the working lives of the people within the cultural industries if only to understand which values, ideas, circle and social contexts define those primarily engaged in the production of of the resources and materials all of use use to give meaning to our lives. It is in this context that Bauman discusses the emblematic charactertics of these professional culture creators, who carry the main burden of the transgressive proclivity of culture and make it their conciously embraced vocation, practising critique and transgression as their own mode of being (2005b 54-5).Bauman implictly addresses the missing link between the particularities of the human condition in the beginning of the 21st century, our seemingly constant immersion in media, and the centrality of work as the defining principle of contemporary lived reality. The missing link is the changing nature of media work in todays digital, global and deeply uncertain age, where media workers must be seen as the directors as well as reflectors of liquid modern life, in which life media have become ubiquitous, pervasive, personalized as well as interactive, participatory, and networked.Media are both the harbingers of change as well as the self-proclaimed guardians of social order as in the case of for example parliamentary journalists and tabloid reporters documenting and thus contributing to the maintenance of the status quo while at the same time signaling the disruptive changes wreaking havoc on it from all sides. Indeed, the popular reality of the media gi ves rise to what Beck has described as the ongoing modernization of modernity, by emphasizing its spunk characteristics of risk, uncertainty, and paradox.And it is precisely this risk-taking, adventurous yet deeply self-contradictory nature that has come to define the nature of media work, where senses of risk are constitutive and often pivotal to the whole economic and social basis of cultural entrepreneurship risk being central to choices made not only in business but in the lifeworld more generally (Banks et al, 2000 453). Mediaworkers are 17 ot only fire in terms of their piece to the way we give meaning to our shared reality who they are, what they do and how they give meaning to their work can also be seen as an indicator of how an increasingly significant part of the global economy organizes itself. Media industries are indeed one of the prime accelerators of a global economy, both in terms of its glocalization and its increased immersion in networked information and co mmunication technologies.Media professionals those employed in journalism, marketing communications, advertising, public relations, game design, television and the movie industry constitute in their work-styles all the themes of social change in liquid modern times as expressed in this essay, as Simon Cottle for exampe describes how a growing army of media professionals, producers and others work in this expanding sector of the economy, many of them in freelance, temporary, subcontracted and underpaid (and sometimes unpaid) positions They are also often at the forefront of processes of organisational change including new flexible work regimes, reflexive corporate cultures, and the introduction of digital technologies, multimedia production and multiskilled practices (2003 3). Indeed, Scott Lash and John Urry (1994) have signaled earlier how the cultural industries have always been post-Fordist avant la lettre, contributing to the culturalization of economic life through a struct urating mix of commercially viable yet generic, and innovative, flexible and highly notional production processes.This unique blend of what Bryan Turner (2003 138) describes as the dialectical process of linearity and liquidity in contemporary consumer cultures turns the media as an industry into the effect culprit responsible for cookiecutter-style McDonaldization, as well as the main cistron in affecting social, technological and economical change. Convergence Culture In todays increasingly digital culture, mediawork can be seen as a stomping ground for the forces of increasingly differentiated production and innovation processes, and the complex interaction and integration between work, life, and play, all of which get expressed in, and are facilitated by, the rapid development of new information and communication technologies.Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri (2000 291) correspondingly argue how the computer and communication revolution of production has transformed laboring pr actices in such a way that they all tend toward the model of information and communication technologies the anthrolopology of cyberspace is really a recognition of the new human condition. The new human condition, when seen 18 through the lens of those in the forefront of changes in the way work and life are implicated in our increasingly participatory media production and consumption, is convergent. This convergence is not just a technological process, where different types of media forms audio, video, text and channels print, radio, television are integrated into the computer.Following the work of Henry Jenkins (2004), media convergence must also be seen as having a cultural logic of its own, blurring the lines between production and consumption, between making media and using media, and between active or passive spectatorship of mediated culture Convergence is both a top-down corporate-driven process and a bottomup consumer-driven process. Media companies are learning how t o accelerate the flow of media content across delivery channels to expand revenue opportunities, broaden markets and reinforce viewer commitments. Consumers are learning how to use these different media technologies to bring the flow of media more fully under their control and to interact with other users.They are fighting for the right to participate more fully in their culture, to control the flow of media in their lives and to talk back to mass market content. Sometimes, these two forces reinforce each other, creating closer, more rewarding, relations between media producers and consumers (Jenkins, 2004 37). Pertinent to our concerns here is the ways in which mediaworkers are implicated by this convergence culture so typical of todays media. If convergence is a cultural logic that at its core integrates all of us in the process of producing mediated experiences, how do the professionals involved give meaning to their productivity, creative autonomy, and professional identity?One way of looking at this focuses on the political economy of increasingly conglomerated, international media corporations, emphasizing their role in rationalizing and routinizing production for the (glocal) masses Conglomerates have invested intemperately in developing synergistic relationships between their various media holdings, integrating their production processes into convergence systems that yield content for different outlets, crosspromoting programs in different media, and establishing lines of tumid and horizontal integration in production and distribution (Klinenberg & Benzecry, 2005 10). A second approach acknowledges the goals and ideals of contemporary corporate management of global enterprises, but draws our attention more specifically to those people directly involved in the process the mediaworkers. Being environmentally conscious, showing a social conscience and being a good corporate citizen are viewed in modern management theory as benefiting the bottom line. Bu t this management-speak hides the growing focus in the media professionsthe cultural boundary spannerson genuine links between modern 19 organizations and the different individuals and groups in society that deal with them (Balnaves et al, 2004 193).Discussion Considering the dominant trends towards cultural convergence of production and consumption both in the way people run their everyday work-lives, and in the way media professionals do their work, it becomes increasingly interesting to observe and understand which values, ideas and ideals get embedded in the globally emerging system of userproducer co-creation. Granted, the media business is unusually fluid and superficial (Sennett, 1998 80). But as I have shown in this essay, so are life, work, and play. And all of those activities are expressed in the way we use, co-create, and give meaning to media in our everyday lives. The suggested superficiality and invisibility of the media perhaps belittles the valuable, hypersociable a nd deeply participatory nature of our interactions within and between them.Indeed, the continuous glocal remix of liquid modernitys working and living conditions can be connected to the way we understand the media. The nature of work within an increasingly liquid, collaborative and convergent culture gets meaning in the media industry through product differentiation, workforce flexibilization, and cross-media integration. Yet it also gets expressed in the various ways in which people use and make media all over the world through prosuming (Toffler, 1980) or produsing (Bruns, 2004) practices, open source-type applications, wiki-based user co-creation, and other examples of convergence culture. I accept the notion that for most of us, life in liquid modernity is fraught with risk, uncertaintly, anxiety and flux.However, I live that our analyses should take the next step, and acknowledge how people give meaning to this new human condition through cultural convergence, participation, and new forms of sociability. It is too sincere to argue that the media industries, which are so instrumental in all of these contingencies, either reproduce passive spectators or facilitate active, albeit superficial, engagement. The ways we use and give meaning to media, both as professionals and amateurs, show signs of a more complex, or in the words of Jenkins, kludgy culture emerging, one that is built on the core elements of the global risk society and thrives on Baumans liquid life.I call for further investigation of and among those who bear the brunt of this emergence the mediaworkers. 20 References Chris Atton (2001), Alternative Media. capital of the United Kingdom Sage. 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Robert Putnam (ed. 2004, Democracies in Flux The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society. Oxford Oxford University Press. 22 Jeremy Rifkin (2004), The end of work, 2nd edition. New York Tarcher/Penguin. Roland Robertson (1995), Glocalization Time-space and Homogeneity- heterogeneity, in Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash, Roland Robertson (eds. ), Global Modernities, London Sage. Richard Sennett ( 1998), The corrosion of character. New York W. W. Norton & Company. Richard Sennett (1992), The uses of disorder personal identity and city life, New York W. W. Norton. Richard Sennett (2005), The culture of the new capitalism. New Haven Yale University Press.Vicki Smith (1997), New forms of work organization, Annual Review of Sociology 23, pp. 315-339. John Storey, Graeme Salaman, and Kerry Platman (2005), Living with enterprise in an enterprise eceonomy freelance and contract workers in the media, Human Relations 58 (8), pp. 1033-1054. straight-from-the-shoulder Thomas (1997), The conquest of cool business culture, counterculture, and the rise of hip consumerism. Chicago University of Chicago Press. Talmadge Wright, Paul Briedenbach and Eric Boria (2002), Creative Player actions in fps online video games playing Counter-Strike, Game Studies 2 (2), uniform resource locator http//www. gamestudies. org/0202/wright. 23 Endnotes 1 2 URL http//ourmayday. revolt. org/precarity. info/in fo. tm (date accessed 2-12-6). See URL http//www. c-i-a. com/pr0106. htm. 3 See URL http//corp. match. com/index/newscenter_press_glance. asp. 4 See URL http//www. craigslist. com/about/pr/factsheet. html. 5 See URL http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wikipedia. 6 See URL http//huminf. uib. no/jill/ account/blog_theorising/final_version_of_weblog_definition. html. 7 See URL http//technorati. com/weblog/2006/02/83. html. 8 See URL http//www. mmogchart. com. 9 Phone interview with Craig Newmark, 1 December 2005. 10 See for example the company profile at CBS 60 Minutes at URL http//www. cbsnews. com/stories/2004/12/30/60minutes/main664063. shtml. 24

No Fear Shakespeare Essay

In English class, every one(a) lets out loud groans when they hear close their next units Shakespeare. With the class complaining about the hard language and the obstruction of understanding the plays, the teacher might grow exasperated and let them occupy the in celebratedly talked about book No Fear Shakespeare. The teachers are doing question function when they keep a supplementary text with the original. Yes, 15th century Elizabethan era is a tad difficult to understand, plainly that is one of the beauties of Shakespeare.No Fear has a good translation but is missing a few key elements such as symbolism, poetry, allusions, and other literary techniques. I think the original version is much better than the translated version because it has more than appeal. No Fear Shakespeare is a series of translations of the Bards famous works to the modern-day language that is used today to gull it easier to understand. I must admit that the translation is well written and is a much eas ier read than the original.No apprehension should be used for non-English speakers to read on but still defy the original. Shakespeares language is broken crop up in the translation and takes away the finesse the original has. In the initial soliloquy of infamously emo-tastic Hamlet, his first line in the mother tongue is Oh, what a rogue and peasant slave am I in the original as opposed to the translated one that says Now Im alone. Oh what a think of low-life I am Now compare them and see which sounds more poetical and more passionate.Shakespeare has a way of making such a self-loathing barbarism sound so passionately powerful and beautiful. The translated version is too misprint while Shakespeare was all about the symbolisms and metaphors that was his trademark. In this famous to be or non to be speech is a nonher example. To be or not to be? That is the question. Is destroyed with the question is is it better to be alive or dead? The point of that line is to be use d for a concoction of situations it has been taken too seriously.Its more poetic and a snack dramatic (in a good way) to say to be or not to be rather than should I kill myself to end all the hardships or just live with it miserably? Its almost as if Shakespeares version is a pretty girl who wears a lot of wee and looks attractive until you see her without the make-up and see what she actually looks like unmasked so to speak when it is taken into No Fear Shakespeare.The last line of this speech is worse saying But shh, here comes the beautiful Ophelia. Pretty peeress please remember me when you pray. Instead the original The fair Ophelia-Nymph, in thy orisons be all my sins remembered. The allusion to Greek mythology is one of the things that make Shakespeares work strong because his world was controlled by the monotheistic Roman Church. He uses a polytheistic religion for his allusions but No fear gets rid of some of it to make it more comprehensible. The No Fear Shakespeare series should not be taught in regular English speaking class because it takes away the symbolism, rhyme, and beauty of the writings.It should be used as a reference outside of school. As one of my friend said the teacher is supposed to teach you what it means and if you bustt get that then you fag end use the book translation. I agree with this completely. Theyre supposed to be teaching Shakespeare to enlighten the students in ways that connects to them. If they have a bad teacher that is when the translator is depended on to teach what Shakespeare is writing. If the language was better understood by students youd be able to realize that the themes and plots are so relatable.What teenager doesnt look up to Hamlet with his depression or with his feeling of being misunderstood? As Alexandra Petris article On the Bards Birthday Is Shakespeare lock up Relevant? it states If we want to do a modern staging of his work, well have to stipulate that In fair Verona, where we lay our scene/the cell answer was spotty/from ancient grudge that brake AT&T. Sure we lavt exactly relate because most teens have cell phones to communicate, but it gives us a feel of if this was to happen in the electronically divest centuries. It gives a link from the 21st century to the 15th century.The translations text book definition of Shakespeare does not give you that link, it just tells a story it doesnt have meaning behind it. Shakespeare has great insults as well, so why insult in modern language when you can confuse a fellow peer with beautiful Elizabethan. We shouldnt fear Shakespeare we should learn to love him. He brings beauty and richness into literature that no other could do, especially in this age. He is thought to be a genius of the theatre. He has this originality that has influenced a lot of famous authors of modern-day literature so I say Long live Shakespeare

Taxation of Ill Gotten Gains in South Africa

It has deep been reported in the press that severe acute respiratory syndrome has lodged a claim for R183 one thousand million in income value against the estate of the slain mining magnate, Brett Kebble in keep an eye on of the R2 billion allegedly stolen by him from the mining companies of which he was a director. It is besides reported that the Master of the High Court has rejected the claim on the grounds that the amounts on which severe acute respiratory syndrome sought to levy task accomplished coin stolen by Kebble, and that stolen currency is non subject to income measure. It has been reported that SARS is to take the Master?s decision in this paying attention on review.Why the spot is being contested on the basis of review, as distinct from the ordinary process of assessment followed by objection and appeal, is non clear. A review is concerned only with the regularity of the process by which a decision was reached, not with the correctness of the decision itself . A cut into point of tax law The Kebble case raises an interesting and unresolved tax egression and, in view of the large sum at stake, it may be a case that will go all the personal manner to the Supreme Court of Appeal and bring long-overdue certainty to the law.The Income Tax execute No. 58 of 1962 (the Act) is of no assistance in determining the issue. fragment 23(o) states that payments that are illegal in hurt of Chapter 2 of the Prevention and Combating of cosset Activities Act No. 12 of 2004 or that constitute a elegant or penalty for any unlawful activity carried out in the Republic (or in any other country if that activity would be unlawful if carried out in the Republic) are not deductible for income tax purposes.There is, however, nothing in the Act to say that the recipient of convolute or illegal payments is (or is not) subject to income tax on such amounts, and this issue must, thusly, be resolved by the application of common law, that is to say, in terms o f principles laid d consume by the courts. In COT v G 1981 (43 SATC 159) the Appellate Division of Zimbabwe held that a person who steals money does not lift up it in the sense contemplated in the explanation of gross income in the Act, because he does not acquire the money on his own behalf and for his own advance.If this is correct, then the question of whether or not such an amount is income does not arise, since it is only once an amount has been received or accrued that the issue arises as to whether it is income or capital. However, the correctness of this decision is suspect. Certainly, from the freebooter?s perspective, the effort why he stole the money was precisely to acquire it for his own benefit and the interpretation that the judge accorded this phrase is, with respect, legalistic, artificial and unsupported by authority.In ITC 1789 (67 SATC 205), where the taxpayer in question had solicited millions of rand from a multitude of investors in a fraudulent and unlawf ul scheme, the court held that those moneys had been received as contemplated in the definition of ?gross income?. If both of these decisions are good law, it would mean that (as was held in ITC 1789) a person who systematically cheats others out of money is subject to income tax on his booty, but that (as was held in G v COT) a person who rattling steals money in a systematic way is not taxable.This, it is submitted, is a preposterous and untenable distinction. The true issue was whether the amounts were income It is submitted that both these cases ought to have been mulish on the basis of whether, in the particular circumstances, the amounts in question had the reference of income in the hands of the felon, rather than on the issue of whether or not the moneys had been received by him. Beneficial receipt was surely self-evident in both cases.It can hardly be seriously contended that a burglar or confidence trickster does not intend to acquire the dupe?s money for his own benef it, and treat it as his own. The issue of whether money that has been stolen or is otherwise tainted with illegality is income in the hands of the recipient and is therefore subject to income tax, raises many thorny issues, never to date fully intercommunicate let alone resolved by our courts.Some of the aspects of the issue as to whether illegal benefit are taxable as income are ? amerciable receipts range from those that are tainted with a mere expert illegality, such as those derived from trading without a licence, to morally reprehensible receipts such as the proceeds of drug-dealing or a fee give to a hit-man for carrying out an assassination. In the tax context, do the same principles pay to every kind of illegal receipt? If SARS were to take a slice of an illegal receipt, would this not make the State complicit in the illegality? If income tax were to be imposed on the recipient of stolen money, this would reduce the funds on hand(predicate) to repay the rightful owner . It needs to be remembered that, in law, ownership of the money has passed to the thief, and all that the owner has is a claim in personam against the thief for repayment. If the thief has spent the money and is unable to repay it, the victim is merely a concurrent creditor in the thief?s insolvent estate. SARS, by contrast, has a preferential claim, in terms of the Insolvency Act, for any taxes due.If income tax were payable on the stolen money, it is thus conceivable that SARS would recover all or almost of the tax, but that the victim would not get his money back. This, it is submitted, is an unpalatable result. Should SARS get involved at all? There is a brawny argument that, where illegal payments are concerned ? certainly in regard to stolen money ? it would be preferable for tax law to stand aloof, tie up no tax consequences to the receipt of the money, and let the whole matter be decided in terms of criminal law. However, in view of the doubtfulness in the law on this p oint, SARS can hardly be faulted for asserting a claim.

Shoeless Joe Jackson and His Tragedy

In the short story Shoe slight Joe capital of Mississippi comes to Iowa, Kinsella provides insight round a man who loves Iowa, his wife (Annie), his daughter (Karin), and lastly beginningball. The setting of the story takes perspective on a rural farm in Iowa where Ray make a baseball dramatic art because he was told by a piece of a baseball announcer If you build it, they will come. (Pickering pg 740) Ray and Annie had bought this farm, days ago, to plant and cultivate corn and to raise their daughter in a safe environment. Ray, who was a baseball enthusiast, was told to build this plain stitch for Shoeless Joe capital of Mississippi and his police squadmates to play baseball.He had no idea on how or why he might even begin to build this great sketch. So he started small with the field, he built a magnificent left field first for Joe. All the t givespeople had heard what Ray was create and they fantasy he must have been crazy. Because he was taking a enceinte section of his corn field and was turning it into a baseball diamond, he was going to be losing a huge profit in the harvest age season for years to come. His remarkable wife went along with these plans and said,Oh love, if it makes you happy, you should do it. (Pickering pg 741) So Ray began on this project which took him several months just to build the eft field for Mr. capital of Mississippi, whom he had never even met. So when Ray hears the baseball announcers utter If you build it they will come,(Pickering pg. 740) he ,of course, was Shoeless Joe capital of Mississippi. Joe was born in Brandon Mills, South Carolina in July of 1887 and died in Greenville, South Carolina in December of 1951. Joe capital of Mississippi was the best left fielder that Ty Cobb had ever seen. Joes glove is the billet where triples go to die. (Pickering pg. 741) Shoeless Joe Jackson was an American baseball player who contend Major League Baseball in the early 20th century. He will always be remembered by h is performance on the field and for is association with the Black Sox Scandal, in which members of the 1919 Chicago White Sox participated in a conspiracy to electronic jamming the domain of a function series. The Black Sox Scandal took place during the 1919 manhood Series. The conspiracy was the result of the White Sox first baseman Arnold Chick Gandil, whose long constant ties to the underworld, persuaded a friend who was a gambler that a fix could be pulled off. A New York gangster, Arnold Rothstein, provided the money for the fix. Gandil enlisted several of his teammates, motivated by the detest of the clubs owner Charles Comisky, whom they perceived as a tightwad, to implement the fix.The owner of the Sox had a reputation for underpaying his players for years. Since round of the guys on the team had ties to the mob, it was easy for them to start to begrudge former(a) players who were straight-laced and followed the rules. There were a total of 8 players concern in the f ix of the World Series. Starting pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Claude Lefty Williams, outfielder Oscar Happy Felsch and short circuit Charles Swede Risberg were all principally baffling with Gandil. Although he hardly contend in the series, utility infielder Fred McMillan got word of the fix and he threatened that he would go public unless e was in the payoff. Sleepy Bill destroy and Shoeless Joe Jackson, both(prenominal) played for the Los Angeles Angels by and by the fix of the series, were mentioned in the fix though their involvement has been disputed. I think he was not involved at all tho got caught up in some wet mob dealings. In the infamous World Series, Shoeless Joe Jackson had 12 hits (a World Series record) and a . 375 batting average to lead both teams in the individual statistics. He, also, committed no errors and threw out a base runner at home plate. Ultimately, eight Chicago players and various nickel-and-dime gamblers were indicated in the candal. At a 1921 c riminal trial, a strong possibility was presented to establish that some Black Sox players-as they became known- had in fact thrown games, exclusively all the defendants were found not guilty when prosecutors failed to prove that they had violated every criminal statutes in doing so. (Morrow pg 1) I, also, found out that in that respect is significant attest that owner of the Chicago White Sox, Charles Comisky, may have known about the fix and tried to cover it up in order to annul a scandal. No formal charges have ever been brought up against him or any other officials. In the ook Shoeless The Life and multiplication of Joe Jackson, there were several letters written back and forth between Jackson and Comisky. Joe Jackson was petition for the losers share of the 1919 World Series which amounted to $3,154. 27 per man. Comisky had asked Jackson to return to Chicago to receive the payment solely Jackson had prior obligations in Savannah, Ga. These letters continued for several m onths but to no avail. Jackson, also, wanted a new urge on worth $10,000 per year. Comisky was only when willing to pay him $7,000 per year but had already signed Eddie collins and Buck Weaver to ontracts that was well above his asking price. Mr. Jackson had started his own business in Ga. which was a billiard business. He explained, in his letters, that the film that Comisky had offered was not up to par with the other great players of his era. He explained in one of those letters to Comisky that after taxes and having to live in the city where he played, there would not be enough money to keep the Billiard business on its feet. In the letter, Jackson explains that he has played for less money than any other player of his caliber. He, also, writes that if he cannot pay his asking price thatComisky needs to trade or sell him to another team that would pay him his asking price. Comisky shopped his name around to other organizations and teams but none of them wanted to sign him. In the last letters that they wrote to each other, Comisky explained that he did not receive any other offer from any other team to sign him. Jackson went on to write him back explaining that he would play for anything less than $10,000 per year but he, also, explained that he had heard that Comisky had minded(p) a raise of $2,300 to Happy Flesch who had only hit . 192 in the World Series. Finally,Comisky took matters into his own hands and sent Harry Grabiner to Savannah to obtain Jacksons signature for the new contract. Mr. Grabiner informed Jackson that his new contract with the team would be increased by $2,000 per year and he was gratify with that contract. This is where the stories diverge. Grabiner later insisted that Jackson knew that the ten day clause was included in the contract and that Jackson signed it in the house in Katies (Jacksons wife) presence. Jackson claimed that his wife was not home at the time and that he signed it on the hood of the car only after Grabiner ssured him that the ten-day clause was not included. That evening, Harry Grabiner, headed back to Chicago with Jacksons signed contract. The ten day clause appeared in Article 10 on the third of the contracts four pages. (Fleitz pg 205) In summary Ray was building this field for these 8 players who were banned for life to come play and bump off out their careers with nothing hanging over their heads. This field, on Rays land, would be famous and all the townspeople could come and watch some of the greatest baseball players to ever play the game. Works Cited Fleitz, David L.Shoeless The Life and Times of Joe Jackson. Jefferson, North Carolina McFarland &Co. Inc. 2001 Morrow, David. Black Sox Scandal. In Campbell, Ballard C. , PH. D. , gen. ed. 2008 Pickering, James H. Fiction 100. Pearson Education. Inc. 2012 Shoeless Joe Jackson and his Tragedy Jason Ebeling English Composition 2 Professor Moeller Nov. 15 2012

Jayanta Mahapatra`s poem “Dawn at Puri” Essay

Jayanta Mahapatras verse Dawn at Puri narrates by describing the Oriyan landscape, especially the holy city of Puri. Mahapatra is deeply rooted in Indian culture and ethos with which he is emotionally machine-accessible as a poet. Though the language of expression is English his sensitiveness is Oriya. In order to appreciate the prescribed poem it is important to make his sensitive attitude to the native socio cultural practices.Here in the poem beneath discussion, Puri is the living protagonist for him .Puri is not only a decorateting precisely also a protagonist because he presents a graphic verbal description of Puri as a central as a place for the four-spot dhams or sacred cities but also for the math or the monastery set up by Shankaracharya . Lord Jagganath is the main deity in Puri who is in the form of Lord Vishnu. The way Mahapatra delineates the events and incidents in the poem shows us that he disapproves of what is going on under the cover of tradition and practi ces. emotional state morefirst poem for you essayYou will notice how flavor lies deal a mass of crouched faces without names and you also can insure how people are trapped by faith as expressed in the expression caught in a net . The shells on the gritrock are ruined the word, leprous is suggestive of decadence and infirmity. The poem evokes passage of identity, anonymity, death, disease and decadence. As I have mentioned above, most of the Hindus wished to be cremated in the land of Lord Vishnu. The speakers mother also had much(prenominal) a last wish, the wish to be cremated in Puri. This is fulfilled by the effort of her son in the blazing funeral pyre which is seen as tenacious and solitary .The poem winds up on an uncertain note equal the corpse of his dead mother.character .Here Puri is personified.At Puri, we find a stretch of brim called Swargadwara or Gateway to heaven where the dead are cremated. Many pharisaical Hindus and widows feel that it is possible to at tain salvation by dying at Puri. Mahapatra states Her last wish to be cremated here/ twisting uncertainly like light/ on the shifting sands.

Deviance, Psychiatry and Cultural Relativism

The paper Borderlands Deviance, Psychiatry and Cultural Relativism by Robert Bartholomew discusses pagan differences i. e. what is considered modal(prenominal) and rational in one culture may be considered aberrant in some others. on that pointfore, the seed analyzes different attitudes towards human actions (e. g. suicide), and provides overview of cultural relativism and psychiatry. The authors thesis is that people interpret the world depending on their social and cultural context. He argues that science cant be applied to identifying and treating ab newton.Bartholomew says that normality is not an objective given from which simple assessments of behaviour can be rendered independent of historical era, culture, or group. (P. 36-37) Normality is defined by cultural background and cultures have their own interpretations what to consider rational or irrational. For example, suicide is not acceptable in Western countries, whereas it is considered normal in Japan. Further, Barth olomew defines cultural relativism as theory of knowledge which is responsible for working discover criteria how to judge behaviour of other culture.It is not static and depends on circumstances. There are few standards of universal conduct to evaluate this or that society. The author claims that the problem of cultural relativism results in serious dilemmas for mental health professionals. Actually, psychiatric diagnoses dont involve assessment of cultural development and influence. However, psychiatry is more interested in religious, social and cultural background than other medical fields. Bartholomew assumes that psychiatry is the most contentious medical branch.In psychiatry ailment is defined as experiencing living problems, rather than discernible cerebral illness that affects human behaviour. The negative moment is that Western medicine is still transmit social and professional stereotypes constituting its own values and norms. Summing up, the author recommends when to judge whether the mortal is normal, it is necessary to get acquainted with his social world and cultural background. kit and caboodle Cited Bartholomew, Robert. Borderlands Deviance, Psychiatry and Cultural Relativism. Skeptic, 8, 3 (2000) 36-40.

Prison Reforms Essay

Prisons as often been indicated, argon total institutions. They be total in the understanding that much of the aspects of an individuals disembodied spirit is tabu of his or her control. Within prisons, the gentle heart as we know it is subjected to numerous constraints which include spatial confinement impacting on the freedom of movement. It has often been stated that prisons adversely affect the normal learning and growth of individuals as the aging process is normally accelerated. Prisons take somatic toll on an individuals body as it has been estimated that an yard bird doing either heart and soul of time will look ten age older than their actual age (Cordilia, 1983).However, one certain fact is that prisoners ar doing time. This is a phrase normally used to refer to the mankind suffering characteristic of individuals and their life inwardly the confines of the prison. Statistical register show that punitive officers suffer from all types of conditions relat ed with stress collectible to their conditions and state within the prisons. Such include near alcohol abuse, depression, kindling attacks, hypertension and ulcers. According to Silverman and Vega (1996), an individuals life expectancy is cut by more than eighty percent when percentage any amount of years in the prison.This points towards prisons being hard places where human life as we understand it is reduced to roughlything indescribable. As much as prisons atomic number 18 meant to dissuade crimes, more often that not, they emerge as schools of crime. An individual after serving his or her curses emerges into the family with a new set of skills which ultimately threatens the familiarity even more. Most individuals found guilty of various crimes go in as petty and sometimes as non- knock-down-and-drag-out offenders only to come out as different individuals exhibiting violence and serious tendencies.It has been noticed that serious and violent crimes argon committed a specific group of individuals known as seven seventy theory where seventy percent of crimes be committed by seven percent of offenders (Wolfgang et. al. 1792). Within three years of their release, dickens thirds of individuals released from prison will be back. Could it be that the prisons may not be doing enough to model prisoners so they may be integrated in the society or are the prisons break-dance places to be for some community? The latter is un handlely since the conditions within prisons are deplorable.How then do the prisons dish out their purpose and how can they be reformed? In order to dish up the question, it is imperative to look at what it office to serve a sentence in prison. Within the prison system, in that location are sets of codes that regularize life within the prisons. There are the official general administrative rules and regulation, codes which govern convicts, the color line and rules set by gangs which are often referred to as gang membership rul es (Hackett, et. al. 1986). The official rules are the acceptable codes within the prisons. That is, they are the dos and the donts.The convict codes on the opposite hand are the perceived description of what or how a good or consummate convict should be. Color line seems invisible but one is reverberate to notice it especially when specific races dominate various turf areas. halo codes are underground outlines for enterprises run by criminals. All these tend to take form the prison system and any attempt at reforms mustiness taper on these codes and how they affect individuals who check been incarcerated. It cannot be denied that the condition of prisoners is affected by these codes which govern the relationship among the subjects within the confines of prison.As such, various aspects like health, violence, death and infections can be attributed to how the system handles the outbreak of such things as stated in the prison laws (Johnson, 1996). For instance, there are some a dministrative laws which may negatively impact on the wellbeing of prisoners, or there may be policies which may impact negatively on punitory officers. Beyond these internal factors, there are some measures which may vector sum in prisons being overcrowded. Coupled with the rules which exist within the prisons, overcrowding may drive on the spread of diseases within the prison.Of all the problems which characterize prison life, diseases and violence are the most dreaded (Sykes, 1958). However, the structure of the prisons may determine how such occurrences are treated so that they do not result in catastrophes. The innovation of codes within the prison system which seem to govern the conduct of both inpatients and correctional officers should be one of the major focus of reforms. For instance, convict codes do not actually prohibit violence, rape or killing new(prenominal) inmates.The ultimate tool of control within the prisons being segregation where an inmate is confined fo r a given period of time, an individual may be exposed to various dangers which may result in harm (Toch, 1977). As much as inmates are considered to be social outcasts, there belt up exist some inalienable rights which they possess. Such includes the right to life. For prisons to effectively coiffure their functions, there is need for serious reforms. An individuals inalienable rights are affected when they are exposed to conditions which make them vulnerable to diseases, violence and a general stare of disorder.Such are the prison conditions. With overcrowding, there is frame to be numerous problems which culminate into what can be termed as human rights abuse both by fellow inmates and prison officers. Overcrowding withal means that diseases can easily spread which has a consequence of endangering the lives of the inmates. Hard criminals are also bound to take advantage of newly imprisoned individuals. As such, prison reforms must address how such groups are differentiated so as to avoid such eventualities as rapes and murders.As much as prison reforms may be focused on the inmates, the work of correctional officers should not be overlooked. There are instances when inmates attack correctional officers track to serious situations hence making their jobs to be difficult. With this regard, prison reforms should also look at ensuring personal manners of vouching the safety of the correctional officers since they are bound to be harmed by hardcore criminals and gangs. Since an inmate cannot be tried twice, there is an chemical element of immunity to the judicial system which may lead them to hurt correctional officers with impunity.Active measures must be taken to ensure that correctional officers are ascertained safety within the scope of their practice since they are the pot solely responsible for ensuring that criminals remain where they belong. Much of prison reforms have focused in improving the condition of prisoners by introducing in one way or another some form of entertainment. As much as these may be necessary, the main focus of reforms should be to ensure that released convicts do not pose any threat to the society after end their term.Contrary to most reforms, prisons should not be turned into holiday camps for prisoners as this is bound to have an effect on the rate of crime. Any serious prison reform instead should focus on the condition of prisoners in terms of basic facilities like beds and adequate meals so that the inmates lives may not be threatened by diseases resulting from overcrowding and poor sanitary. As such, prison reforms must be far fetched so as to encompass the prison surroundings in totality.A way through which inmates and correctional officers can better cooperate so that the prison conditions can be improved should also be the focus of reforms. However, there is often a struggle which exists amidst the inmates and the correctional officers (Braswell et. al, 1994). As such, there are often some elements of impatience between the convicts and the inmates. This animosity at times find so unappeasable that is expressed violently. This makes it virtually impossible for meaningful reforms to be achieved since, beside those reforms that need adjusting facilities, enforcing rules become a tragedy.Since it is possible that convicts can come out of prisons and still be productive members of the society, there is need to equip them with knowledge which will tackle their survival when their terms end. Such knowledge should guide them in falling the criminal seeset that they have developed so as not to end up in prisons again. This may not be as easy but with good cooperation between the education sector and the prisons department, some inmates may further their academic dreams while still serving their sentences.This is til now not easily achievable because the society is often suspicious of individuals who have a history of crime. Even with exceptional skills, the society is bound to discredit released convicts. However, there are those convicts whose desire is to once again integrate into the society and join their family members while performing productive duties. The government together with the prisons department should collaborate to ensure that such individuals do not waste their lives in prison perfecting the art of crime.Every convict who has spotless his or her time should be guided through active reforms within the prisons that ensure that they do not find themselves resorting to crime as a means of sustenance especially for those criminals involved with robbery, burglary and theft. Educational programs have been roaring in curbing the tendency of released inmates to commit crimes. Inmates who successfully completed a high school diploma or GED are less promising to commit crimes after release than those who have not attained mistakable education.As such, education for the inmates should also be the focus of serious reforms. A major setb ack for such education programs is that few inmates can introduction them. Only five percent of the inmate population can penetration these educative and rehabilitation programs which is a very small percentage as compared to those that these programs are meant. The main challenge for any reforms targeting prisons is not only how to guarantee the wellbeing of prisoners when they are inside the prisons but also how to integrate them in the society after their terms are over without posing any threat to the society.Any meaningful prison reforms should focus on prisons as a means of achieving an end and not as an end in itself (Goldstein et. al. 1989). For example, prisons should focus on how to ensure that once a person has been declared unfit to live with others within the society, they should be modeled to acquire the skills of avoiding to assume in criminal acts and thus extend the good virtues which the society search to further as criminality is just a state of mind which ca n also be altered just like other states of mind.

A time to kill

In this painting criminal law is displayed. The Jury picking process was that at that place were numerous possible Jurors, and the dickens attorneys picked who got to be on the Jury during the trail, 6 filling for each(prenominal) lawyer. The lawyers based their designs on unimaginative stereotypes such as pureness will always odor that discolour is vile, and other factors that contributed to what each lawyer wanted.I feel as though this is reasonable In the sense that each lawyer picks who they want, and no its non honorable that they are choosing people that they jockey what theyre final finding of fact will be. In todays community in that location Is contumaciously still much or less tension when It comes to race, and I feel as though those opinions and beliefs comes from the emeritus fashion ways of returning passed on from one generation to the next. This film does non change my opinion on the fact that I strongly believe the law should be upheld wh ether the person is black or white.I do believe that the white work force would draw been found immoral in that day, especially with a exculpation on paper, I do also believe that these men knew scarce what they were doing which makes their horror that much worsened ( Mess Rear), I also strongly believe that no proceeds the situation if the errors committed a crime as cruel as rape whether they were in the discipline sagaciousness or not should be put away.The term Cactus Reuse is basically saying guilty mind, and that a person must be turn up guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and with this flick the men were defiantly guilty, and with enough evidence and more to be put away for a long clock time, if not consequently for vitality. If I was Carl Lee I would aim done what he did and more.I dont think death is the worst thing that could decease to someone, I would feel as though them being tutored is beyond reassert and although some may present hat life in prison w ould be worse than terminal I do not chink. How is it exquisite that a person commits a crime that will alter their victims life for the worst, and effect them their whole life, and be aloud to suck live in a room, with a fundament and food and clothes on their back. I believe they died too soft for the crime they committed.In my opinion I solely agree with the verdict of not guilty for Carl Lee, I do not think that If he was in his right of mind( Mess Rear) or not that it would have made a deference, what he did was Justifiable and I agree with it, I also do not think that him lining guilty or not should have effected the Juries discussion, what he did he did because he needed too, and he should not feel guilty for killing the methamphetamine that raped his daughter.The title A fourth dimension to Kill related to the movie because In my opinion there Is a very small and apprehensible time to kill, such as when two men rape a 10 year old girl. That Is when there Is a time to kill. By Nick Starker a time to kill By nickels wanted. I feel as though this is honest in the sense that each lawyer picks who they want, and no its not medium that they are choosing people that they know what theyre IANAL verdict will be. In todays society there is defiantly still some tension when it more.I dont think dying is the worst thing that could happen to someone, I would that if he was in his right of mind( Mess Rear) or not that it would have made a difference, what he did was Justifiable and I agree with it, I also do not think that him his daughter. The title A Time to Kill related to the movie because in my opinion there is a very small and comprehensible time to kill, such as when two men rape a 10 year old girl. That is when there is a time to kill.A time to killIn this movie criminal law is displayed. The Jury selection process was that there were many possible Jurors, and the two lawyers picked who got to be on the Jury during the trail, 6 choice for each lawyer. The lawyers based their designs on stereotypical stereotypes such as white will always feel that black is guilty, and other factors that contributed to what each lawyer wanted.I feel as though this is fair In the sense that each lawyer picks who they want, and no its not fair that they are choosing people that they know what theyre final verdict will be. In todays society there Is defiantly still some tension when It comes to race, and I feel as though those opinions and beliefs comes from the old fashion ways of thinking passed on from one generation to the next. This movie does not change my opinion on the fact that I strongly believe the law should be upheld whether the person is black or white.I do believe that the white men would have been found guilty in that day, especially with a confession on paper, I do also believe that these men knew exactly what they were doing which makes their crime that much worse ( Mess Rear), I also strongly believe that no matter the situa tion if the errors committed a crime as cruel as rape whether they were in the right mind or not should be put away.The term Cactus Reuse is basically saying guilty mind, and that a person must be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and with this movie the men were defiantly guilty, and with enough evidence and more to be put away for a long time, if not then for life. If I was Carl Lee I would have done what he did and more.I dont think dying is the worst thing that could happen to someone, I would feel as though them being tutored is beyond Justified and although some may argue hat life in prison would be worse than death I do not agree. How is it fair that a person commits a crime that will alter their victims life for the worst, and effect them their whole life, and be aloud to have live in a room, with a bed and food and clothes on their back. I believe they died too easily for the crime they committed.In my opinion I completely agree with the verdict of not guilty for Car l Lee, I do not think that If he was in his right of mind( Mess Rear) or not that it would have made a deference, what he did was Justifiable and I agree with it, I also do not think that him lining guilty or not should have effected the Juries discussion, what he did he did because he needed too, and he should not feel guilty for killing the scum that raped his daughter.The title A Time to Kill related to the movie because In my opinion there Is a very small and understandable time to kill, such as when two men rape a 10 year old girl. That Is when there Is a time to kill. By Nick Starker a time to kill By nickels wanted. I feel as though this is fair in the sense that each lawyer picks who they want, and no its not fair that they are choosing people that they know what theyre IANAL verdict will be. In todays society there is defiantly still some tension when it more.I dont think dying is the worst thing that could happen to someone, I would that if he was in his right of mind( Me ss Rear) or not that it would have made a difference, what he did was Justifiable and I agree with it, I also do not think that him his daughter. The title A Time to Kill related to the movie because in my opinion there is a very small and understandable time to kill, such as when two men rape a 10 year old girl. That is when there is a time to kill.